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This Regulation establishes the Union Customs Code (the Code), laying down the general rules and procedures applicable to goods brought into or taken out of the customs territory of the Union.
Without prejudice to international law and conventions and Union legislation in other fields, the Code shall apply uniformly throughout the customs territory of the Union.

Certain provisions of the customs legislation may apply outside the customs territory of the Union within the framework of legislation governing specific fields or of international conventions.

Certain provisions of the customs legislation, including the simplifications for which it provides, shall apply to the trade in Union goods between parts of the customs territory of the Union to which the provisions of CSVATD or of GAEDD apply and parts of that territory where those provisions do not apply, or to trade between parts of that territory where those provisions do not apply.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 284 specifying the provisions of the customs legislation and the simplifications thereof with respect to the customs declaration, the proof of the customs status, the use of the internal Union transit procedure insofar as it does not affect a proper application of the fiscal measures at stake, which apply to the trade in Union goods referred to in Article 1(3). Those acts may address particular circumstances pertaining to the trade in Union goods involving only one Member State.

Customs authorities shall be primarily responsible for the supervision of the Union's international trade, thereby contributing to fair and open trade, to the implementation of the external aspects of the internal market, of the common trade policy and of the other common Union policies having a bearing on trade, and to overall supply chain security. Customs authorities shall put in place measures aimed, in particular, at the following:

protecting the financial interests of the Union and its Member States;

protecting the Union from unfair and illegal trade while supporting legitimate business activity;

ensuring the security and safety of the Union and its residents, and the protection of the environment, where appropriate in close cooperation with other authorities; and

maintaining a proper balance between customs controls and facilitation of legitimate trade.

The customs territory of the Union shall comprise the following territories, including their territorial waters, internal waters and airspace:

the territory of the Kingdom of Belgium,

the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria,

the territory of the Czech Republic,

the territory of the Kingdom of Denmark, except the Faroe Islands and Greenland,

the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany, except the Island of Heligoland and the territory of Büsingen (Treaty of 23 November 1964 between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Swiss Confederation),

the territory of the Republic of Estonia,

the territory of Ireland,

the territory of the Hellenic Republic,

the territory of the Kingdom of Spain, except Ceuta and Melilla,

the territory of the French Republic, except the French overseas countries and territories to which the provisions of Part Four of the TFEU apply,

the territory of the Republic of Croatia,

the territory of the Italian Republic, except the municipalities of Livigno and Campione d'Italia and the national waters of Lake Lugano which are between the bank and the political frontier of the area between Ponte Tresa and Porto Ceresio,

the territory of the Republic of Cyprus, in accordance with the provisions of the 2003 Act of Accession,

the territory of the Republic of Latvia,

the territory of the Republic of Lithuania,

the territory of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,

the territory of Hungary,

the territory of Malta,

the territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Europe,

the territory of the Republic of Austria,

the territory of the Republic of Poland,

the territory of the Portuguese Republic,

the territory of Romania,

the territory of the Republic of Slovenia,

the territory of the Slovak Republic,

the territory of the Republic of Finland,

the territory of the Kingdom of Sweden, and

the territory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.

The following territories, including their territorial waters, internal waters and airspace, situated outside the territory of the Member States shall, taking into account the conventions and treaties applicable to them, be considered to be part of the customs territory of the Union:

FRANCE The territory of Monaco as defined in the Customs Convention signed in Paris on 18 May 1963 (Journal officiel de la République française (Official Journal of the French Republic) of 27 September 1963, p. 8679);

CYPRUS The territory of the United Kingdom Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia as defined in the Treaty concerning the Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus, signed in Nicosia on 16 August 1960 (United Kingdom Treaty Series No 4 (1961) Cmnd. 1252).

For the purposes of the Code, the following definitions shall apply:

"customs authorities" means the customs administrations of the Member States responsible for applying the customs legislation and any other authorities empowered under national law to apply certain customs legislation;

"customs legislation" means the body of legislation made up of all of the following:

the Code and the provisions supplementing or implementing it adopted at Union or national level;

the Common Customs Tariff;

the legislation setting up a Union system of reliefs from customs duty;

international agreements containing customs provisions, insofar as they are applicable in the Union;

"customs controls" means specific acts performed by the customs authorities in order to ensure compliance with the customs legislation and other legislation governing the entry, exit, transit, movement, storage and end-use of goods moved between the customs territory of the Union and countries or territories outside that territory, and the presence and movement within the customs territory of the Union of non-Union goods and goods placed under the end-use procedure;

"person" means a natural person, a legal person, and any association of persons which is not a legal person but which is recognised under Union or national law as having the capacity to perform legal acts;

"economic operator" means a person who, in the course of his or her business, is involved in activities covered by the customs legislation;

"customs representative" means any person appointed by another person to carry out the acts and formalities required under the customs legislation in his or her dealings with customs authorities;

"risk" means the likelihood and the impact of an event occurring, with regard to the entry, exit, transit, movement or end-use of goods moved between the customs territory of the Union and countries or territories outside that territory and to the presence within the customs territory of the Union of non-Union goods, which would:

prevent the correct application of Union or national measures;

compromise the financial interests of the Union and its Member States; or

pose a threat to the security and safety of the Union and its residents, to human, animal or plant health, to the environment or to consumers;

"customs formalities" means all the operations which must be carried out by a person and by the customs authorities in order to comply with the customs legislation;

"entry summary declaration" means the act whereby a person informs the customs authorities, in the prescribed form and manner and within a specific time-limit, that goods are to be brought into the customs territory of the Union;

"exit summary declaration" means the act whereby a person informs the customs authorities, in the prescribed form and manner and within a specific time-limit, that goods are to be taken out of the customs territory of the Union;

"temporary storage declaration" means the act whereby a person indicates, in the prescribed form and manner, that goods are in temporary storage;

"customs declaration" means the act whereby a person indicates, in the prescribed form and manner, a wish to place goods under a given customs procedure, with an indication, where appropriate, of any specific arrangements to be applied;

"re-export declaration" means the act whereby a person indicates, in the prescribed form and manner, a wish to take non-Union goods, with the exception of those under the free zone procedure or in temporary storage, out of the customs territory of the Union;

"re-export notification" means the act whereby a person indicates, in the prescribed form and manner, a wish to take non-Union goods which are under the free zone procedure or in temporary storage out of the customs territory of the Union;

"declarant" means the person lodging a customs declaration, a temporary storage declaration, an entry summary declaration, an exit summary declaration, a re-export declaration or a re-export notification in his or her own name or the person in whose name such a declaration or notification is lodged;

"customs procedure" means any of the following procedures under which goods may be placed in accordance with the Code:

release for free circulation;

special procedures;

export;

'temporary storage' means the situation of non-Union goods temporarily stored under customs supervision in the period between their presentation to customs and their placing under a customs procedure or re-export;

"customs debt" means the obligation on a person to pay the amount of import or export duty which applies to specific goods under the customs legislation in force;

"debtor" means any person liable for a customs debt;

"import duty" means customs duty payable on the import of goods;

"export duty" means customs duty payable on the export of goods;

"customs status" means the status of goods as Union or non-Union goods;

"Union goods" means goods which fall into any of the following categories:

goods wholly obtained in the customs territory of the Union and not incorporating goods imported from countries or territories outside the customs territory of the Union;

goods brought into the customs territory of the Union from countries or territories outside that territory and released for free circulation;

goods obtained or produced in the customs territory of the Union, either solely from goods referred to in point (b) or from goods referred to in points (a) and (b);

"non-Union goods" means goods other than those referred to in point 23 or which have lost their customs status as Union goods;

"risk management" means the systematic identification of risk, including through random checks, and the implementation of all measures necessary for limiting exposure to risk;

"release of goods" means the act whereby the customs authorities make goods available for the purposes specified for the customs procedure under which they are placed;

"customs supervision" means action taken in general by the customs authorities with a view to ensuring that customs legislation and, where appropriate, other provisions applicable to goods subject to such action are observed;

"repayment" means the refunding of an amount of import or export duty that has been paid;

"remission" means the waiving of the obligation to pay an amount of import or export duty which has not been paid;

"processed products" means goods placed under a processing procedure which have undergone processing operations;

"person established in the customs territory of the Union" means:

in the case of a natural person, any person who has his or her habitual residence in the customs territory of the Union;

in the case of a legal person or an association of persons, any person having its registered office, central headquarters or a permanent business establishment in the customs territory of the Union;

"permanent business establishment" means a fixed place of business, where both the necessary human and technical resources are permanently present and through which a person's customs-related operations are wholly or partly carried out;

"presentation of goods to customs" means the notification to the customs authorities of the arrival of goods at the customs office or at any other place designated or approved by the customs authorities and the availability of those goods for customs controls;

"holder of the goods" means the person who is the owner of the goods or who has a similar right of disposal over them or who has physical control of them;

"holder of the procedure" means:

the person who lodges the customs declaration, or on whose behalf that declaration is lodged; or

the person to whom the rights and obligations in respect of a customs procedure have been transferred;

"commercial policy measures" means non-tariff measures established, as part of the common commercial policy, in the form of Union provisions governing international trade in goods;

"processing operations" means any of the following:

the working of goods, including erecting or assembling them or fitting them to other goods;

the processing of goods;

the destruction of goods;

the repair of goods, including restoring them and putting them in order;

the use of goods which are not to be found in the processed products, but which allow or facilitate the production of those products, even if they are entirely or partially used up in the process (production accessories);

"rate of yield" means the quantity or percentage of processed products obtained from the processing of a given quantity of goods placed under a processing procedure;

"decision" means any act by the customs authorities pertaining to the customs legislation giving a ruling on a particular case, and having legal effects on the person or persons concerned;

"carrier" means:

in the context of entry, the person who brings the goods, or who assumes responsibility for the carriage of the goods, into the customs territory of the Union. However,

in the case of combined transportation, "carrier" means the person who operates the means of transport which, once brought into the customs territory of the Union, moves by itself as an active means of transport;

in the case of maritime or air traffic under a vessel-sharing or contracting arrangement, "carrier" means the person who concludes a contract and issues a bill of lading or air waybill for the actual carriage of the goods into the customs territory of the Union;

in the context of exit, the person who takes the goods, or who assumes responsibility for the carriage of the goods, out of the customs territory of the Union. However:

in the case of combined transportation, where the active means of transport leaving the customs territory of the Union is only transporting another means of transport which, after the arrival of the active means of transport at its destination, will move by itself as an active means of transport, 'carrier' means the person who will operate the means of transport which will move by itself once the means of transport leaving the customs territory of the Union has arrived at its destination;

in the case of maritime or air traffic under a vessel-sharing or contracting arrangement, "carrier" means the person who concludes a contract, and issues a bill of lading or air waybill, for the actual carriage of the goods out of the customs territory of the Union;

"buying commission" means a fee paid by an importer to an agent for representing him or her in the purchase of goods being valued.

All exchanges of information, such as declarations, applications or decisions, between customs authorities and between economic operators and customs authorities, and the storage of such information, as required under the customs legislation, shall be made using electronic data-processing techniques.

Common data requirements shall be drawn up for the purpose of the exchange and storage of information referred to in paragraph 1.

Means for the exchange and storage of information, other than the electronic data-processing techniques referred to in paragraph 1, may be used as follows:

on a permanent basis where duly justified by the type of traffic or where the use of electronic data-processing techniques is not appropriate for the customs formalities concerned;

on a temporary basis, in the event of a temporary failure of the computerised system of the customs authorities or of the economic operators.

By way of derogation from paragraph 1, the Commission may adopt in exceptional cases decisions allowing one or several Member States to use means for the exchange and storage of information other than electronic data-processing techniques.
Such a decision on a derogation shall be justified by the specific situation of the Member State requesting it and the derogation shall be granted for a specific period of time. The derogation shall be reviewed periodically and may be extended for further specific periods of time upon further application by the Member State to which it is addressed. It shall be revoked where no longer justified.
The derogation shall not affect the exchange of information between the Member State to which it is addressed and other Member States nor the exchange and storage of information in other Member States for the purpose of the application of the customs legislation.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 284, in order to determine the following:

the common data requirements referred to in Article 6(2), taking into account the need to accomplish the customs formalities laid down in the customs legislation and the nature and purpose of the exchange and storage of information referred to in Article 6(1);

the specific cases where means for the exchange and storage of information, other than electronic data-processing techniques, may be used in accordance with point (a) of Article 6(3);

the type of information and the particulars that are to be contained in the records referred to in Articles 148(4) and 214(1).

The Commission shall specify, by means of implementing acts:

where necessary, the format and code of the common data requirements referred to in Article 6(2);

the procedural rules on the exchange and storage of information which can be made by means other than the electronic data-processing techniques referred to in Article 6(3).

Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).

The Commission shall adopt the decisions on derogations referred to in Article 6(4) by means of implementing acts.
Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the advisory procedure referred to in Article 285(2).

Economic operators established in the customs territory of the Union shall register with the customs authorities responsible for the place where they are established.

In specific cases, economic operators which are not established in the customs territory of the Union shall register with the customs authorities responsible for the place where they first lodge a declaration or apply for a decision.

Persons other than economic operators shall not be required to register with the customs authorities unless otherwise provided.
Where persons referred to in the first subparagraph are required to register, the following shall apply:

where they are established in the customs territory of the Union, they shall register with the customs authorities responsible for the place where they are established;

where they are not established in the customs territory of the Union, they shall register with the customs authorities responsible for the place where they first lodge a declaration or apply for a decision.

In specific cases, the customs authorities shall invalidate the registration.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 284, in order to determine:

the cases referred to in Article 9(2), where economic operators which are not established in the customs territory of the Union are required to register with the customs authorities;

the cases referred to in the first subparagraph of Article 9(3), where persons other than economic operators are required to register with the customs authorities;

the cases referred to in Article 9(4) where the customs authorities invalidate a registration.

The Commission shall specify, by means of implementing acts, the customs authority responsible for the registration referred to in Article 9.

All information acquired by the customs authorities in the course of performing their duty which is by its nature confidential or which is provided on a confidential basis shall be covered by the obligation of professional secrecy. Except as provided for in Article 47(2), such information shall not be disclosed by the competent authorities without the express permission of the person or authority that provided it.
Such information may, however, be disclosed without permission where the customs authorities are obliged or authorised to do so pursuant to the provisions in force, particularly in respect of data protection, or in connection with legal proceedings.

Confidential information referred to in paragraph 1 may be communicated to the customs authorities and other competent authorities of countries or territories outside the customs territory of the Union for the purpose of customs cooperation with those countries or territories in the framework of an international agreement or Union legislation in the area of the common commercial policy.

Any disclosure or communication of information as referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall ensure an adequate level of data protection in full compliance with data protection provisions in force.

Customs authorities and economic operators may exchange any information not specifically required under the customs legislation, in particular for the purpose of mutual cooperation in the identification and counteraction of risk. That exchange may take place under a written agreement and may include access to the computer systems of economic operators by the customs authorities.

Any information provided by one party to the other in the course of the cooperation referred to in paragraph 1 shall be confidential unless both parties agree otherwise.

Any person may request information concerning the application of the customs legislation from the customs authorities. Such a request may be refused where it does not relate to an activity pertaining to international trade in goods that is actually envisaged.

Customs authorities shall maintain a regular dialogue with economic operators and other authorities involved in international trade in goods. They shall promote transparency by making the customs legislation, general administrative rulings and application forms freely available, wherever practical without charge, and through the Internet.

Any person directly or indirectly involved in the accomplishment of customs formalities or in customs controls shall, at the request of the customs authorities and within any time-limit specified, provide those authorities with all the requisite documents and information, in an appropriate form, and all the assistance necessary for the completion of those formalities or controls.

The lodging of a customs declaration, temporary storage declaration, entry summary declaration, exit summary declaration, re-export declaration or re-export notification by a person to the customs authorities, or the submission of an application for an authorisation or any other decision, shall render the person concerned responsible for all of the following:
Where the declaration or notification is lodged, the application is submitted, or information is provided, by a customs representative of the person concerned, as referred to in Article 18, that customs representative shall also be bound by the obligations set out in the first subparagraph of this paragraph.

the accuracy and completeness of the information given in the declaration, notification or application;

the authenticity, accuracy and validity of any document supporting the declaration, notification or application;

where applicable, compliance with all of the obligations relating to the placing of the goods in question under the customs procedure concerned, or to the conduct of the authorised operations.

The first subparagraph shall also apply to the provision of any information in any other form required by, or given to, the customs authorities.

Member States shall cooperate with the Commission to develop, maintain and employ electronic systems for the exchange of information between customs authorities and with the Commission and for the storage of such information, in accordance with the Code.

Member States to which a derogation has been granted in accordance with Article 6(4) shall not be required to develop, maintain and employ within the scope of that derogation the electronic systems referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article.

The Commission shall specify, by means of implementing acts, the technical arrangements for developing, maintaining and employing the electronic systems referred to in Article 16(1).

Any person may appoint a customs representative.
Such representation may be either direct, in which case the customs representative shall act in the name of and on behalf of another person, or indirect, in which case the customs representative shall act in his or her own name but on behalf of another person.

A customs representative shall be established within the customs territory of the Union.
Except where otherwise provided, that requirement shall be waived where the customs representative acts on behalf of persons who are not required to be established within the customs territory of the Union.

Member States may determine, in accordance with Union law, the conditions under which a customs representative may provide services in the Member State where he or she is established. However, without prejudice to the application of less stringent criteria by the Member State concerned, a customs representative who complies with the criteria laid down in points (a) to (d) of Article 39 shall be entitled to provide such services in a Member State other than the one where he or she is established.

Member States may apply the conditions determined in accordance with the first sentence of paragraph 3 to customs representatives not established within the customs territory of the Union.

When dealing with the customs authorities, a customs representative shall state that he or she is acting on behalf of the person represented and shall specify whether the representation is direct or indirect.
Persons who fail to state that they are acting as a customs representative or who state that they are acting as a customs representative without being empowered to do so shall be deemed to be acting in their own name and on their own behalf.

The customs authorities may require persons stating that they are acting as a customs representative to provide evidence of their empowerment by the person represented.
In specific cases, the customs authorities shall not require such evidence to be provided.

The customs authorities shall not require a person acting as a customs representative, carrying out acts and formalities on a regular basis, to produce on every occasion evidence of empowerment, provided that such person is in a position to produce such evidence on request by the customs authorities.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 284, in order to determine:

the cases where the waiver referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 18(2) does not apply;

the cases where the evidence of empowerment referred to in the first subparagraph of Article 19(2) is not required by the customs authorities.

The Commission shall specify, by means of implementing acts, the procedural rules on the conferral and proving of the entitlement referred to in Article 18(3).

Where a person applies for a decision relating to the application of the customs legislation, that person shall supply all the information required by the competent customs authorities in order to enable them to take that decision.
A decision may also be applied for by, and taken with regard to, several persons, in accordance with the conditions laid down in the customs legislation.
Except where otherwise provided, the competent customs authority shall be that of the place where the applicant's main accounts for customs purposes are held or accessible, and where at least part of the activities to be covered by the decision are to be carried out.

Customs authorities shall, without delay and at the latest within 30 days of receipt of the application for a decision, verify whether the conditions for the acceptance of that application are fulfilled.
Where the customs authorities establish that the application contains all the information required in order for them to be able to take the decision, they shall communicate its acceptance to the applicant within the period specified in the first subparagraph.

The competent customs authority shall take a decision as referred to in paragraph 1, and shall notify the applicant without delay, and at the latest within 120 days of the date of acceptance of the application, except where otherwise provided
Where the customs authorities are unable to comply with the time-limit for taking a decision, they shall inform the applicant of that fact before the expiry of that time-limit, stating the reasons and indicating the further period of time which they consider necessary in order to take a decision. Except where otherwise provided, that further period of time shall not exceed 30 days.
Without prejudice to the second subparagraph, the customs authorities may extend the time-limit for taking a decision, as laid down in the customs legislation, where the applicant requests an extension to carry out adjustments in order to ensure the fulfilment of the conditions and criteria. Those adjustments and the further period of time necessary to carry them out shall be communicated to the customs authorities, which shall decide on the extension.

Except where otherwise specified in the decision or in the customs legislation, the decision shall take effect from the date on which the applicant receives it, or is deemed to have received it. Except in the cases provided for in Article 45(2), decisions adopted shall be enforceable by the customs authorities from that date.

Except where otherwise provided in the customs legislation, the decision shall be valid without limitation of time.

Before taking a decision which would adversely affect the applicant, the customs authorities shall communicate the grounds on which they intend to base their decision to the applicant, who shall be given the opportunity to express his or her point of view within a period prescribed from the date on which he or she receives that communication or is deemed to have received it. Following the expiry of that period, the applicant shall be notified, in the appropriate form, of the decision.
The first subparagraph shall not apply in any of the following cases:

where it concerns a decision referred to in Article 33(1);

in the event of refusal of the benefit of a tariff quota where the specified tariff quota volume is reached, as referred to in the first subparagraph of Article 56(4);

where the nature or the level of a threat to the security and safety of the Union and its residents, to human, animal or plant health, to the environment or to consumers so requires;

where the decision aims at securing the implementation of another decision for which the first subparagraph has been applied, without prejudice to the law of the Member State concerned;

where it would prejudice investigations initiated for the purpose of combating fraud;

in other specific cases.

A decision which adversely affects the applicant shall set out the grounds on which it is based and shall refer to the right of appeal provided for in Article 44.

The holder of the decision shall comply with the obligations resulting from that decision.

The holder of the decision shall inform the customs authorities without delay of any factor arising after the decision was taken, which may influence its continuation or content.

Without prejudice to provisions laid down in other fields which specify the cases in which decisions are invalid or become null and void, the customs authorities which took a decision may at any time annul, amend or revoke it where it does not conform to the customs legislation.

In specific cases the customs authorities shall carry out the following:

re-assess a decision;

suspend a decision which is not to be annulled, revoked or amended.

The customs authorities shall monitor the conditions and criteria to be fulfilled by the holder of a decision. They shall also monitor compliance with the obligations resulting from that decision. Where the holder of the decision has been established for less than three years, the customs authorities shall closely monitor it during the first year after the decision is taken.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 284, in order to determine:

the exceptions to the third subparagraph of Article 22(1);

the conditions for the acceptance of an application, referred to in Article 22(2);

the time-limit to take a specific decision, including the possible extension of that time-limit, in accordance with Article 22(3);

the cases, referred to in Article 22(4), where the decision takes effect from a date which is different from the date on which the applicant receives it or is deemed to have received it;

the cases, referred to in Article 22(5), where the decision is not valid without limitation of time;

the duration of the period referred to in the first subparagraph of Article 22(6);

the specific cases, referred to in point (f) of the second subparagraph of Article 22(6), where the applicant is given no opportunity to express his or her point of view;

the cases and the rules for re-assessing and suspending decisions in accordance with Article 23(4);

The Commission shall specify, by means of implementing acts, the procedural rules for:

the submission and the acceptance of the application for a decision, referred to in Article 22(1) and (2);

taking the decision referred to in Article 22, including, where appropriate, the consultation of the Member States concerned;

monitoring a decision, in accordance with Article 23(5).

Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).

Except where the effect of a decision is limited to one or several Member States, decisions relating to the application of the customs legislation shall be valid throughout the customs territory of the Union.

The customs authorities shall annul a decision favourable to the holder of the decision if all the following conditions are fulfilled:

the decision was taken on the basis of incorrect or incomplete information;

the holder of the decision knew or ought reasonably to have known that the information was incorrect or incomplete;

if the information had been correct and complete, the decision would have been different.

The holder of the decision shall be notified of its annulment.

Annulment shall take effect from the date on which the initial decision took effect, unless otherwise specified in the decision in accordance with the customs legislation.

A favourable decision shall be revoked or amended where, in cases other than those referred to in Article 27:

one or more of the conditions for taking that decision were not or are no longer fulfilled; or

upon application by the holder of the decision.

Except where otherwise provided, a favourable decision addressed to several persons may be revoked only in respect of a person who fails to fulfil an obligation imposed under that decision.

The holder of the decision shall be notified of its revocation or amendment.

Article 22(4) shall apply to the revocation or amendment of the decision.
However, in exceptional cases where the legitimate interests of the holder of the decision so require, the customs authorities may defer the date on which revocation or amendment takes effect up to one year. That date shall be indicated in the revoking or amending decision.

Except when a customs authority acts as a judicial authority, Article 22(4), (5), (6) and (7), Article 23(3) and Articles 26, 27 and 28 shall also apply to decisions taken by the customs authorities without prior application by the person concerned.

Except where the person concerned so requests, the revocation, amendment or suspension of a favourable decision shall not affect goods which, at the moment where the revocation, amendment or suspension takes effect, have already been placed and are still under a customs procedure or in temporary storage by virtue of the revoked, amended or suspended decision.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 284, in order to determine:

the cases, referred to in Article 28(2), where a favourable decision addressed to several persons may be revoked also in respect of persons other than the person who fails to fulfil an obligation imposed under that decision;

the exceptional cases, in which the customs authorities may defer the date on which revocation or amendment takes effect in accordance with the second subparagraph of Article 28(4).

The Commission shall specify, by means of implementing acts, the procedural rules for annulling, revoking or amending favourable decisions.

The customs authorities shall, upon application, take decisions relating to binding tariff information (BTI decisions), or decisions relating to binding origin information (BOI decisions).
Such an application shall not be accepted in any of the following circumstances:

where the application is made, or has already been made, at the same or another customs office, by or on behalf of the holder of a decision in respect of the same goods and, for BOI decisions, under the same circumstances determining the acquisition of origin;

where the application does not relate to any intended use of the BTI or BOI decision or any intended use of a customs procedure.

BTI or BOI decisions shall be binding, only in respect of the tariff classification or determination of the origin of goods:

on the customs authorities, as against the holder of the decision, only in respect of goods for which customs formalities are completed after the date on which the decision takes effect;

on the holder of the decision, as against the customs authorities, only with effect from the date on which he or she receives, or is deemed to have received, notification of the decision.

BTI or BOI decisions shall be valid for a period of three years from the date on which the decision takes effect.

For the application of a BTI or BOI decision in the context of a particular customs procedure, the holder of the decision shall be able to prove that:

in the case of a BTI decision, the goods declared correspond in every respect to those described in the decision;

in the case of a BOI decision, the goods in question and the circumstances determining the acquisition of origin correspond in every respect to the goods and the circumstances described in the decision.

A BTI decision shall cease to be valid before the end of the period referred to in Article 33(3) where it no longer conforms to the law, as a result of either of the following:

the adoption of an amendment to the nomenclatures referred to in points (a) and (b) of Article 56(2);

the adoption of measures referred to in Article 57(4);

with effect from the date of application of such amendment or measures.

A BOI decision shall cease to be valid before the end of the period referred to in Article 33(3) in any of the following cases:

where a regulation is adopted or an agreement is concluded by, and becomes applicable in, the Union, and the BOI decision no longer conforms to the law thereby laid down, with effect from the date of application of that regulation or agreement;

where it is no longer compatible with the Agreement on Rules of Origin established in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) or with the explanatory notes or an origin opinion adopted for the interpretation of that Agreement, with effect from the date of their publication in the Official Journal of the European Union .

BTI or BOI decisions shall not cease to be valid with retroactive effect.

By way of derogation from Article 23(3) and Article 27, BTI and BOI decisions shall be annulled where they are based on inaccurate or incomplete information from the applicants.

BTI and BOI decisions shall be revoked in accordance with Article 23(3) and Article 28. However, such decisions shall not be revoked upon application by the holder of the decision.

BTI and BOI decisions may not be amended.

The customs authorities shall revoke BTI decisions:

where they are no longer compatible with the interpretation of any of the nomenclatures referred to in points (a) and (b) of Article 56(2) resulting from any of the following:

explanatory notes referred to in the second indent of point (a) of Article 9(1) of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87 of 23 July 1987 on the tariff and statistical nomenclature and on the Common Customs Tariff ( 13 ) , with effect from the date of their publication in the Official Journal of the European Union ;

a judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union, with effect from the date of publication of the operative part of the judgment in the Official Journal of the European Union ;

classification decisions, classification opinions or amendments of the explanatory notes to the Nomenclature of the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, adopted by the Organization set-up by the Convention establishing a Customs Co-operation Council, done at Brussels on 15 December 1950, with effect from the date of publication of the Commission Communication in the 'C' series of the Official Journal of the European Union ; or

in other specific cases.

BOI decisions shall be revoked:

where they are no longer compatible with a judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union, with effect from the date of publication of the operative part of the judgment in the Official Journal of the European Union ; or

in other specific cases.

Where point (b) of paragraph 1 or paragraphs 2, 7 or 8 apply, a BTI or BOI decision may still be used in respect of binding contracts which were based upon that decision and were concluded before it ceased to be valid or was revoked. That extended use shall not apply where a BOI decision is taken for goods to be exported.
The extended use referred to in the first subparagraph shall not exceed six months from the date on which the BTI or BOI decision ceases to be valid or is revoked. However, a measure referred to in Article 57(4) or in Article 67 may exclude that extended use or lay down a shorter period of time. In the case of products for which an import or export certificate is submitted when customs formalities are carried out, the period of six months shall be replaced by the period of validity of the certificate.
In order to benefit from the extended use of a BTI or BOI decision, the holder of that decision shall lodge an application to the customs authority that took the decision within 30 days of the date on which it ceases to be valid or is revoked, indicating the quantities for which a period of extended use is requested and the Member State or Member States in which goods will be cleared under the period of extended use. That customs authority shall take a decision on the extended use and notify the holder, without delay, and at the latest within 30 days of the date on which it receives all the information required in order to enable it to take that decision.

The Commission shall notify the customs authorities where:

the taking of BTI and BOI decisions, for goods whose correct and uniform tariff classification or determination of origin is not ensured, is suspended; or

the suspension referred to in point (a) is withdrawn.

The Commission may adopt decisions requesting Member States to revoke BTI or BOI decisions, to ensure a correct and uniform tariff classification or determination of the origin of goods.

In specific cases, the customs authorities shall, upon application, take decisions relating to binding information with regard to other factors referred to in Title II, on the basis of which import or export duty and other measures in respect of trade in goods are applied.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 284, in order to determine:

the specific cases referred to in point (b) of Article 34(7) and point (b) of Article 34(8), where BTI and BOI decisions are to be revoked;

the cases referred to in Article 35, where decisions relating to binding information are taken with regard to other factors on the basis of which import or export duty and other measures in respect of trade in goods are applied.

The Commission shall adopt, by means of implementing acts, the procedural rules for:

using a BTI or BOI decision after it ceases to be valid or is revoked, in accordance with Article 34(9);

the Commission to notify the customs authorities in accordance with points (a) and (b) of Article 34(10);

using decisions referred to in Article 35 and determined in accordance with point (b) of Article 36 after they cease to be valid;

suspending decisions referred to in Article 35 and determined in accordance with point (b) of Article 36 and notifying the suspension or the withdrawal of the suspension to the customs authorities.

Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).

The Commission shall adopt, by means of implementing acts, the decisions requesting Member States to revoke:
Where the opinion of the committee referred to in Article 285(1) is to be obtained by written procedure, Article 285(6) shall apply.

decisions referred to in Article 34(11);

decisions referred to in Article 35 and determined in accordance with point (b) of Article 36.

Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the advisory procedure referred to in Article 285(2).

An economic operator who is established in the customs territory of the Union and who meets the criteria set out in Article 39 may apply for the status of authorised economic operator.
The customs authorities shall, following consultation with other competent authorities if necessary, grant that status, which shall be subject to monitoring.

The status of authorised economic operator shall consist in the following types of authorisations:

that of an authorised economic operator for customs simplifications, which shall enable the holder to benefit from certain simplifications in accordance with the customs legislation; or

that of an authorised economic operator for security and safety that shall entitle the holder to facilitations relating to security and safety.

Both types of authorisations referred to in paragraph 2 may be held at the same time.

The status of authorised economic operator shall, subject to Articles 39, 40 and 41, be recognised by the customs authorities in all Member States.

Customs authorities shall, on the basis of the recognition of the status of authorised economic operator for customs simplifications and provided that the requirements related to a specific type of simplification provided for in the customs legislation are fulfilled, authorise the operator to benefit from that simplification. Customs authorities shall not re-examine those criteria which have already been examined when granting the status of authorised economic operator.

The authorised economic operator referred to in paragraph 2 shall enjoy more favourable treatment than other economic operators in respect of customs controls according to the type of authorisation granted, including fewer physical and document-based controls.

The customs authorities shall grant benefits resulting from the status of authorised economic operator to persons established in countries or territories outside the customs territory of the Union, who fulfil conditions and comply with obligations defined by the relevant legislation of those countries or territories, insofar as those conditions and obligations are recognised by the Union as equivalent to those imposed to authorised economic operators established in the customs territory of the Union. Such a granting of benefits shall be based on the principle of reciprocity unless otherwise decided by the Union, and shall be supported by an international agreement or Union legislation in the area of the common commercial policy.

The criteria for the granting of the status of authorised economic operator shall be the following:

the absence of any serious infringement or repeated infringements of customs legislation and taxation rules, including no record of serious criminal offences relating to the economic activity of the applicant;

the demonstration by the applicant of a high level of control of his or her operations and of the flow of goods, by means of a system of managing commercial and, where appropriate, transport records, which allows appropriate customs controls;

financial solvency, which shall be deemed to be proven where the applicant has good financial standing, which enables him or her to fulfil his or her commitments, with due regard to the characteristics of the type of business activity concerned;

with regard to the authorisation referred to in point (a) of Article 38(2), practical standards of competence or professional qualifications directly related to the activity carried out; and

with regard to the authorisation referred to in point (b) of Article 38(2), appropriate security and safety standards, which shall be considered as fulfilled where the applicant demonstrates that he or she maintains appropriate measures to ensure the security and safety of the international supply chain including in the areas of physical integrity and access controls, logistical processes and handling of specific types of goods, personnel and identification of his or her business partners.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 284, in order to determine the following:

the simplifications referred to in point (a) of Article 38(2);

the facilitations referred to in point (b) of Article 38(2);

the more favourable treatment referred to in Article 38(6).

The Commission shall adopt, by means of implementing acts, the modalities for the application of the criteria referred to in Article 39.

Each Member State shall provide for penalties for failure to comply with the customs legislation. Such penalties shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.

Where administrative penalties are applied, they may take, inter alia, one or both of the following forms:

a pecuniary charge by the customs authorities, including, where appropriate, a settlement applied in place of and in lieu of a criminal penalty;

the revocation, suspension or amendment of any authorisation held by the person concerned.

Member States shall notify the Commission, within 180 days from the date of application of this Article, as determined in accordance with Article 288(2), of the national provisions in force, as envisaged in paragraph 1 of this Article, and shall notify it without delay of any subsequent amendment affecting those provisions.

Articles 44 and 45 shall not apply to appeals lodged with a view to the annulment, revocation or amendment of a decision relating to the application of the customs legislation taken by a judicial authority, or by customs authorities acting as judicial authorities.

Any person shall have the right to appeal against any decision taken by the customs authorities relating to the application of the customs legislation which concerns him or her directly and individually.
Any person who has applied to the customs authorities for a decision and has not obtained a decision on that application within the time-limits referred to in Article 22(3) shall also be entitled to exercise the right of appeal.

The right of appeal may be exercised in at least two steps:

initially, before the customs authorities or a judicial authority or other body designated for that purpose by the Member States;

subsequently, before a higher independent body, which may be a judicial authority or an equivalent specialised body, according to the provisions in force in the Member States.

The appeal shall be lodged in the Member State where the decision was taken or was applied for.

Member States shall ensure that the appeals procedure enables the prompt confirmation or correction of decisions taken by the customs authorities.

The submission of an appeal shall not cause implementation of the disputed decision to be suspended.

The customs authorities shall, however, suspend implementation of such a decision in whole or in part where they have good reason to believe that the disputed decision is inconsistent with the customs legislation or that irreparable damage is to be feared for the person concerned.

In the cases referred to in paragraph 2, where the disputed decision has the effect of causing import or export duty to be payable, suspension of implementation of that decision shall be conditional upon the provision of a guarantee, unless it is established, on the basis of a documented assessment, that such a guarantee would be likely to cause the debtor serious economic or social difficulties.

The customs authorities may carry out any customs controls they deem necessary.
Customs controls may in particular consist of examining goods, taking samples, verifying the accuracy and completeness of the information given in a declaration or notification and the existence, authenticity, accuracy and validity of documents, examining the accounts of economic operators and other records, inspecting means of transport, inspecting luggage and other goods carried by or on persons and carrying out official enquiries and other similar acts.

Customs controls, other than random checks, shall primarily be based on risk analysis using electronic data-processing techniques, with the purpose of identifying and evaluating the risks and developing the necessary counter-measures, on the basis of criteria developed at national, Union and, where available, international level.

Customs controls shall be performed within a common risk management framework, based upon the exchange of risk information and risk analysis results between customs administrations and establishing common risk criteria and standards, control measures and priority control areas.
Controls based upon such information and criteria shall be carried out without prejudice to other controls carried out in accordance with paragraph 1 or with other provisions in force.

Customs authorities shall undertake risk management to differentiate between the levels of risk associated with goods subject to customs control or supervision and to determine whether the goods will be subject to specific customs controls, and if so, where.
The risk management shall include activities such as collecting data and information, analysing and assessing risk, prescribing and taking action and regularly monitoring and reviewing that process and its outcomes, based on international, Union and national sources and strategies.

Customs authorities shall exchange risk information and risk analysis results where:

the risks are assessed by a customs authority as being significant and requiring customs control and the results of the control establish that the event triggering the risks has occurred; or

the control results do not establish that the event triggering the risks has occurred, but the customs authority concerned considers the threat to present a high risk elsewhere in the Union.

For the establishment of the common risk criteria and standards, the control measures and the priority control areas referred to in paragraph 3, account shall be taken of all of the following:

the proportionality to the risk;

the urgency of the necessary application of the controls;

the probable impact on trade flow, on individual Member States and on control resources.

The common risk criteria and standards referred to in paragraph 3 shall include all of the following:

a description of the risks;

the factors or indicators of risk to be used to select goods or economic operators for customs control;

the nature of customs controls to be undertaken by the customs authorities;

the duration of the application of the customs controls referred to in point (c).

Priority control areas shall cover particular customs procedures, types of goods, traffic routes, modes of transport or economic operators which are subject to increased levels of risk analysis and customs controls during a certain period, without prejudice to other controls usually carried out by the customs authorities.

Where, in respect of the same goods, controls other than customs controls are to be performed by competent authorities other than the customs authorities, customs authorities shall, in close cooperation with those other authorities, endeavour to have those controls performed, wherever possible, at the same time and place as customs controls (one-stop-shop), with customs authorities having the coordinating role in achieving this.

In the framework of the controls referred to in this Section, customs and other competent authorities may, where necessary for the purposes of minimising risk and combating fraud, exchange with each other and with the Commission data received in the context of the entry, exit, transit, movement, storage and end-use of goods, including postal traffic, moved between the customs territory of the Union and countries or territories outside the customs territory of the Union, the presence and movement within the customs territory of the Union of non-Union goods and goods placed under the end-use procedure, and the results of any control. Customs authorities and the Commission may also exchange such data with each other for the purpose of ensuring a uniform application of the customs legislation.

For the purpose of customs controls, the customs authorities may verify the accuracy and completeness of the information given in a customs declaration, temporary storage declaration, entry summary declaration, exit summary declaration, re-export declaration or re-export notification, and the existence, authenticity, accuracy and validity of any supporting document and may examine the accounts of the declarant and other records relating to the operations in respect of the goods in question or to prior or subsequent commercial operations involving those goods after having released them. Those authorities may also examine such goods and/or take samples where it is still possible for them to do so.

Customs controls or formalities shall be carried out in respect of the cabin and hold baggage of persons either taking an intra-Union flight, or making an intra-Union sea crossing, only where the customs legislation provides for such controls or formalities.

Paragraph 1 shall apply without prejudice to either of the following:

security and safety checks;

checks linked to prohibitions or restrictions.

The Commission shall adopt, by means of implementing acts, measures to ensure uniform application of the customs controls, including the exchange of risk information and risk analysis results, the common risk criteria and standards, the control measures and the priority control areas referred to in Article 46(3).
Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).
On imperative grounds of urgency relating to such measures, duly justified by the need to rapidly update the common risk management framework and adapt the exchange of risk information and analysis, common risk criteria and standards, control measures and priority control areas to the evolution of risks, the Commission shall adopt immediately applicable implementing acts in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 285(5).
Where the opinion of the committee referred to in Article 285(1) is to be obtained by written procedure, Article 285(6) shall apply.

The Commission shall determine, by means of implementing acts, the ports or airports where, in accordance with Article 49, customs controls and formalities are applied to the following:

the cabin and hold baggage of persons:

taking a flight in an aircraft which comes from a non-Union airport and which, after a stopover at a Union airport, continues to another Union airport;

taking a flight in an aircraft which stops over at a Union airport before continuing to a non-Union airport;

using a maritime service provided by the same vessel and comprising successive legs departing from, calling at or terminating in a non-Union port;

on board pleasure craft and tourist or business aircraft;

cabin and hold baggage:

arriving at a Union airport on board an aircraft coming from a non-Union airport and transferred at that Union airport to another aircraft proceeding on an intra-Union flight;

loaded at a Union airport onto an aircraft proceeding on an intra-Union flight for transfer at another Union airport to an aircraft whose destination is a non-Union airport.

Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).

The person concerned shall, for the purposes of customs controls, keep the documents and information referred to in Article 15(1) for at least three years, by any means accessible by and acceptable to the customs authorities.
In the case of goods released for free circulation in circumstances other than those referred to in the third subparagraph, or goods declared for export, that period shall run from the end of the year in which the customs declarations for release for free circulation or export are accepted.
In the case of goods released for free circulation duty-free or at a reduced rate of import duty on account of their end-use, that period shall run from the end of the year in which they cease to be subject to customs supervision.
In the case of goods placed under another customs procedure or of goods in temporary storage, that period shall run from the end of the year in which the customs procedure concerned has been discharged or temporary storage has ended.

Without prejudice to Article 103(4), where a customs control in respect of a customs debt shows that the relevant entry in the accounts has to be corrected and the person concerned has been notified of this, the documents and information shall be kept for three years beyond the time-limit provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article.
Where an appeal has been lodged or where court proceedings have begun, the documents and information shall be kept for the period provided for in paragraph 1 or until the appeals procedure or court proceedings are terminated, whichever is the later.

Customs authorities shall not impose charges for the performance of customs controls or any other application of the customs legislation during the official opening hours of their competent customs offices.

Customs authorities may impose charges or recover costs where specific services are rendered, in particular the following:

attendance, where requested, by customs staff outside official office hours or at premises other than customs premises;

analyses or expert reports on goods and postal fees for the return of goods to an applicant, particularly in respect of decisions taken pursuant to Article 33 or the provision of information in accordance with Article 14(1);

the examination or sampling of goods for verification purposes, or the destruction of goods, where costs other than the cost of using customs staff are involved;

exceptional control measures, where these are necessary due to the nature of the goods or to a potential risk.

The competent authorities shall publish and/or make available on the Internet the rate of exchange applicable where the conversion of currency is necessary for one of the following reasons:

because factors used to determine the customs value of goods are expressed in a currency other than that of the Member State where the customs value is determined;

because the value of the euro is required in national currencies for the purposes of determining the tariff classification of goods and the amount of import and export duty, including value thresholds in the Common Customs Tariff.

Where the conversion of currency is necessary for reasons other than those referred to in paragraph 1, the value of the euro in national currencies to be applied within the framework of the customs legislation shall be fixed at least once a year.

The Commission shall lay down, by means of implementing acts, rules on currency conversions for the purposes referred to in Article 53(1) and (2).

Unless otherwise provided, where a period, date or time-limit is laid down in the customs legislation, such period shall not be extended or reduced and such date or time-limit shall not be deferred or brought forward.

The rules applicable to periods, dates and time-limits set out in Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 1182/71 of the Council of 3 June 1971 determining the rules applicable to periods, dates and time-limits ( 14 ) shall apply, except where otherwise provided for in the customs legislation.

Import and export duty due shall be based on the Common Customs Tariff.
Other measures prescribed by Union provisions governing specific fields relating to trade in goods shall, where appropriate, be applied in accordance with the tariff classification of those goods.

The Common Customs Tariff shall comprise all of the following:

the Combined Nomenclature of goods as laid down in Regulation (EEC) No 2658/87;

any other nomenclature which is wholly or partly based on the Combined Nomenclature or which provides for further subdivisions to it, and which is established by Union provisions governing specific fields with a view to the application of tariff measures relating to trade in goods;

the conventional or normal autonomous customs duty applicable to goods covered by the Combined Nomenclature;

the preferential tariff measures contained in agreements which the Union has concluded with certain countries or territories outside the customs territory of the Union or groups of such countries or territories;

preferential tariff measures adopted unilaterally by the Union in respect of certain countries or territories outside the customs territory of the Union or groups of such countries or territories;

autonomous measures providing for a reduction in, or exemption from, customs duty on certain goods;

favourable tariff treatment specified for certain goods, by reason of their nature or end-use, in the framework of measures referred to under points (c) to (f) or (h);

other tariff measures provided for by agricultural or commercial or other Union legislation.

Where the goods concerned fulfil the conditions included in the measures laid down in points (d) to (g) of paragraph 2, the measures referred to in those provisions shall apply, upon application by the declarant, instead of those provided for in point (c) of that paragraph. Such application may be made retrospectively, provided that the time-limits and conditions laid down in the relevant measure or in the Code are complied with.

Where application of the measures referred to in points (d) to (g) of paragraph 2, or the exemption from measures referred to in point (h) thereof, is restricted to a certain volume of imports or exports, such application or exemption shall, in the case of tariff quotas, cease as soon as the specified volume of imports or exports is reached.
In the case of tariff ceilings such application shall cease by virtue of a legal act of the Union.

The release for free circulation or the export of goods, to which the measures referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 apply, may be made subject to surveillance.

For the application of the Common Customs Tariff, tariff classification of goods shall consist in the determination of one of the subheadings or further subdivisions of the Combined Nomenclature under which those goods are to be classified.

For the application of non-tariff measures, tariff classification of goods shall consist in the determination of one of the subheadings or further subdivisions of the Combined Nomenclature, or of any other nomenclature which is established by Union provisions and which is wholly or partly based on the Combined Nomenclature or which provides for further subdivisions to it, under which those goods are to be classified.

The subheading or further subdivision determined in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be used for the purpose of applying the measures linked to that subheading.

The Commission may adopt measures to determine the tariff classification of goods in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2.

The Commission shall adopt, by means of implementing acts, measures on the uniform management of the tariff quotas and the tariff ceilings referred to in Article 56(4) and on the management of the surveillance of the release for free circulation or export of goods, referred to in Article 56(5).
Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).

The Commission shall adopt, by means of implementing acts, the measures referred to in Article 57(4).
Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).
On imperative grounds of urgency relating to such measures, duly justified by the need to rapidly ensure the correct and uniform application of the Combined Nomenclature, the Commission shall adopt immediately applicable implementing acts in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 285(5).
Where the opinion of the committee referred to in Article 285(1) is to be obtained by written procedure, Article 285(6) shall apply.

Articles 60 and 61 shall lay down rules for the determination of the non-preferential origin of goods for the purposes of applying the following:

the Common Customs Tariff, with the exception of the measures referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 56(2);

measures, other than tariff measures, established by Union provisions governing specific fields relating to trade in goods; and

other Union measures relating to the origin of goods.

Goods wholly obtained in a single country or territory shall be regarded as having their origin in that country or territory.

Goods the production of which involves more than one country or territory shall be deemed to originate in the country or territory where they underwent their last, substantial, economically-justified processing or working, in an undertaking equipped for that purpose, resulting in the manufacture of a new product or representing an important stage of manufacture.

Where an origin has been indicated in the customs declaration pursuant to the customs legislation, the customs authorities may require the declarant to prove the origin of the goods.

Where proof of origin of goods is provided pursuant to the customs legislation or other Union legislation governing specific fields, the customs authorities may, in the event of reasonable doubt, require any additional evidence needed in order to ensure that the indication of origin complies with the rules laid down by the relevant Union legislation.

Where the exigencies of trade so require, a document proving origin may be issued in the Union in accordance with the rules of origin in force in the country or territory of destination or any other method identifying the country where the goods were wholly obtained or underwent their last substantial transformation.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 284, laying down the rules under which goods, whose determination of non-preferential origin is required for the purposes of applying the Union measures referred to in Article 59, are considered as wholly obtained in a single country or territory or to have undergone their last, substantial, economically-justified processing or working, in an undertaking equipped for that purpose, resulting in the manufacture of a new product or representing an important stage of manufacture in a country or territory, in accordance with Article 60.

The Commission shall adopt, by means of implementing acts, the procedural rules for the provision and verification of the proof of origin referred to in Article 61.

In order to benefit from the measures referred to in points (d) or (e) of Article 56(2) or from non-tariff preferential measures, goods shall comply with the rules on preferential origin referred to in paragraphs 2 to 5 of this Article.

In the case of goods benefiting from preferential measures contained in agreements which the Union has concluded with certain countries or territories outside the customs territory of the Union or with groups of such countries or territories, the rules on preferential origin shall be laid down in those agreements.

In the case of goods benefiting from preferential measures adopted unilaterally by the Union in respect of certain countries or territories outside the customs territory of the Union or groups of such countries or territories, other than those referred to in paragraph 5, the Commission shall adopt measures laying down the rules on preferential origin.
Those rules shall be based either on the criterion that goods are wholly obtained or on the criterion that goods result from sufficient processing or working.

In the case of goods benefiting from preferential measures applicable in trade between the customs territory of the Union and Ceuta and Melilla, as contained in Protocol 2 to the 1985 Act of Accession, the rules on preferential origin shall be adopted in accordance with Article 9 of that Protocol.

In the case of goods benefiting from preferential measures contained in preferential arrangements in favour of the overseas countries and territories associated with the Union, the rules on preferential origin shall be adopted in accordance with Article 203 TFEU.

Upon its own initiative or at the request of a beneficiary country or territory, the Commission may, for certain goods, grant that country or territory a temporary derogation from the rules on preferential origin referred to in paragraph 3.
The temporary derogation shall be justified by one of the following reasons:
The temporary derogation shall be limited to the duration of the effects of the internal or external factors giving rise to it or the length of time needed for the beneficiary country or territory to achieve compliance with the rules.
Where a derogation is granted, the beneficiary country or territory concerned shall comply with any requirements laid down as to information to be provided to the Commission concerning the use of the derogation and the management of the quantities for which the derogation is granted.

internal or external factors temporarily deprive the beneficiary country or territory of the ability to comply with the rules on preferential origin;

the beneficiary country or territory requires time to prepare itself to comply with those rules.

A request for derogation shall be made in writing to the Commission by the beneficiary country or territory concerned. The request shall state the reasons, as indicated in the second subparagraph, why derogation is required and shall contain appropriate supporting documents.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 284, laying down the rules on preferential origin referred to in Article 64(3).

The Commission shall adopt by means of implementing acts:

the procedural rules, referred to in Article 64(1), to facilitate the establishment in the Union of the preferential origin of goods;

a measure granting a beneficiary country or territory the temporary derogation referred to in Article 64(6).

Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).

The Commission may adopt measures to determine the origin of specific goods in accordance with the rules of origin applicable to those goods.

The Commission shall adopt, by means of implementing acts, the measures referred to in Article 67. Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).

The customs value of goods, for the purposes of applying the Common Customs Tariff and non-tariff measures laid down by Union provisions governing specific fields relating to trade in goods, shall be determined in accordance with Articles 70 and 74.

The primary basis for the customs value of goods shall be the transaction value, that is the price actually paid or payable for the goods when sold for export to the customs territory of the Union, adjusted, where necessary.

The price actually paid or payable shall be the total payment made or to be made by the buyer to the seller or by the buyer to a third party for the benefit of the seller for the imported goods and include all payments made or to be made as a condition of sale of the imported goods.

The transaction value shall apply provided that all of the following conditions are fulfilled:

there are no restrictions as to the disposal or use of the goods by the buyer, other than any of the following:

restrictions imposed or required by a law or by the public authorities in the Union;

limitations of the geographical area in which the goods may be resold;

restrictions which do not substantially affect the customs value of the goods;

the sale or price is not subject to some condition or consideration for which a value cannot be determined with respect to the goods being valued;

no part of the proceeds of any subsequent resale, disposal or use of the goods by the buyer will accrue directly or indirectly to the seller, unless an appropriate adjustment can be made;

the buyer and seller are not related or the relationship did not influence the price.

In determining the customs value under Article 70, the price actually paid or payable for the imported goods shall be supplemented by:

the following, to the extent that they are incurred by the buyer but are not included in the price actually paid or payable for the goods:

commissions and brokerage, except buying commissions;

the cost of containers which are treated as being one, for customs purposes, with the goods in question; and

the cost of packing, whether for labour or materials;

the value, apportioned as appropriate, of the following goods and services where supplied directly or indirectly by the buyer free of charge or at reduced cost for use in connection with the production and sale for export of the imported goods, to the extent that such value has not been included in the price actually paid or payable:

materials, components, parts and similar items incorporated into the imported goods;

tools, dies, moulds and similar items used in the production of the imported goods;

materials consumed in the production of the imported goods; and

engineering, development, artwork, design work, and plans and sketches undertaken elsewhere than in the Union and necessary for the production of the imported goods;

royalties and licence fees related to the goods being valued that the buyer must pay, either directly or indirectly, as a condition of sale of the goods being valued, to the extent that such royalties and fees are not included in the price actually paid or payable;

the value of any part of the proceeds of any subsequent resale, disposal or use of the imported goods that accrues directly or indirectly to the seller; and

the following costs up to the place where goods are brought into the customs territory of the Union:

the cost of transport and insurance of the imported goods; and

loading and handling charges associated with the transport of the imported goods.

Additions to the price actually paid or payable, pursuant to paragraph 1, shall be made only on the basis of objective and quantifiable data.

No additions shall be made to the price actually paid or payable in determining the customs value except as provided in this Article.

In determining the customs value under Article 70, none of the following shall be included:

the cost of transport of the imported goods after their entry into the customs territory of the Union;

charges for construction, erection, assembly, maintenance or technical assistance, undertaken after the entry into the customs territory of the Union of the imported goods such as industrial plants, machinery or equipment;

charges for interest under a financing arrangement entered into by the buyer and relating to the purchase of the imported goods, irrespective of whether the finance is provided by the seller or another person, provided that the financing arrangement has been made in writing and, where required, the buyer can demonstrate that the following conditions are fulfilled:

such goods are actually sold at the price declared as the price actually paid or payable;

the claimed rate of interest does not exceed the level for such transactions prevailing in the country where, and at the time when, the finance was provided;

charges for the right to reproduce the imported goods in the Union;

buying commissions;

import duties or other charges payable in the Union by reason of the import or sale of the goods;

notwithstanding point (c) of Article 71(1), payments made by the buyer for the right to distribute or resell the imported goods, if such payments are not a condition of the sale for export to the Union of the goods.

The customs authorities may, upon application, authorise that the following amounts be determined on the basis of specific criteria, where they are not quantifiable on the date on which the customs declaration is accepted:

amounts which are to be included in the customs value in accordance with Article 70(2); and

the amounts referred to in Articles 71 and 72.

Where the customs value of goods cannot be determined under Article 70, it shall be determined by proceeding sequentially from points (a) to (d) of paragraph 2, until the first point under which the customs value of goods can be determined.
The order of application of points (c) and (d) of paragraph 2 shall be reversed if the declarant so requests.

The customs value, pursuant to paragraph 1, shall be:

the transaction value of identical goods sold for export to the customs territory of the Union and exported at or about the same time as the goods being valued;

the transaction value of similar goods sold for export to the customs territory of the Union and exported at or about the same time as the goods being valued;

the value based on the unit price at which the imported goods, or identical or similar imported goods, are sold within the customs territory of the Union in the greatest aggregate quantity to persons not related to the sellers; or

the computed value, consisting of the sum of:

the cost or value of materials and fabrication or other processing employed in producing the imported goods;

an amount for profit and general expenses equal to that usually reflected in sales of goods of the same class or kind as the goods being valued which are made by producers in the country of export for export to the Union;

the cost or value of the elements referred to in point (e) of Article 71(1).

Where the customs value cannot be determined under paragraph 1, it shall be determined on the basis of data available in the customs territory of the Union, using reasonable means consistent with the principles and general provisions of all of the following:

the agreement on implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade;

Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade;

this Chapter.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 284, in order to determine the conditions for granting the authorisation referred to in Article 73.

The Commission shall specify, by means of implementing acts, the procedural rules for:

determining the customs value in accordance with Articles 70(1) pe='articles' class='internal-link article' href='#art_71' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Elements of the transaction value' data-bs-placement='top' >71(1) 72 articles' class='internal-link article' href='#art_70.1' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='The primary basis for the customs value of goods shall be the transaction value, that is the price actually paid or payable for the goods when sold for export to the customs territory of the Union, adjusted, where necessary.' data-bs-placement='top' >70(1) and (2) and Articles 70(1) pe='articles' class='internal-link article' href='#art_71' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Elements of the transaction value' data-bs-placement='top' >71(1) 72 articles' class='internal-link article' href='#art_70.1' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='The primary basis for the customs value of goods shall be the transaction value, that is the price actually paid or payable for the goods when sold for export to the customs territory of the Union, adjusted, where necessary.' data-bs-placement='top' >70(1)pe='articles' class='internal-link article' href='#art_71' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Elements of the transaction value' data-bs-placement='top' >71 and 72, including those for adjusting the price actually paid or payable;

the application of the conditions referred to in Article 70(3);

determining the customs value referred to in Article 74.

Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).

A customs debt on import shall be incurred through the placing of non-Union goods liable to import duty under either of the following customs procedures:

release for free circulation, including under the end-use provisions;

temporary admission with partial relief from import duty.

A customs debt shall be incurred at the time of acceptance of the customs declaration.

The declarant shall be the debtor. In the event of indirect representation, the person on whose behalf the customs declaration is made shall also be a debtor.
Where a customs declaration in respect of one of the procedures referred to in paragraph 1 is drawn up on the basis of information which leads to all or part of the import duty not being collected, the person who provided the information required to draw up the declaration and who knew, or who ought reasonably to have known, that such information was false shall also be a debtor.

Where a prohibition of drawback of, or exemption from, import duty applies to non-originating goods used in the manufacture of products for which a proof of origin is issued or made out in the framework of a preferential arrangement between the Union and certain countries or territories outside the customs territory of the Union or groups of such countries or territories, a customs debt on import shall be incurred in respect of those non-originating goods, through the acceptance of the re-export declaration relating to the products in question.

Where a customs debt is incurred pursuant to paragraph 1, the amount of import duty corresponding to that debt shall be determined under the same conditions as in the case of a customs debt resulting from the acceptance, on the same date, of the customs declaration for release for free circulation of the non-originating goods used in the manufacture of the products in question for the purpose of ending the inward processing procedure.

Article 77(2) and (3) shall apply. However, in the case of non-Union goods as referred to in Article 270 the person who lodges the re-export declaration shall be the debtor. In the event of indirect representation, the person on whose behalf the declaration is lodged shall also be a debtor.

For goods liable to import duty, a customs debt on import shall be incurred through non-compliance with any of the following:

one of the obligations laid down in the customs legislation concerning the introduction of non-Union goods into the customs territory of the Union, their removal from customs supervision, or the movement, processing, storage, temporary storage, temporary admission or disposal of such goods within that territory;

one of the obligations laid down in the customs legislation concerning the end-use of goods within the customs territory of the Union;

a condition governing the placing of non-Union goods under a customs procedure or the granting, by virtue of the end-use of the goods, of duty exemption or a reduced rate of import duty.

The time at which the customs debt is incurred shall be either of the following:

the moment when the obligation the non-fulfilment of which gives rise to the customs debt is not met or ceases to be met;

the moment when a customs declaration is accepted for the placing of goods under a customs procedure where it is established subsequently that a condition governing the placing of the goods under that procedure or the granting of a duty exemption or a reduced rate of import duty by virtue of the end-use of the goods was not in fact fulfilled.

In cases referred to under points (a) and (b) of paragraph 1, the debtor shall be any of the following:

any person who was required to fulfil the obligations concerned;

any person who was aware or should reasonably have been aware that an obligation under the customs legislation was not fulfilled and who acted on behalf of the person who was obliged to fulfil the obligation, or who participated in the act which led to the non-fulfilment of the obligation;

any person who acquired or held the goods in question and who was aware or should reasonably have been aware at the time of acquiring or receiving the goods that an obligation under the customs legislation was not fulfilled.

In cases referred to under point (c) of paragraph 1, the debtor shall be the person who is required to comply with the conditions governing the placing of the goods under a customs procedure or the customs declaration of the goods placed under that customs procedure or the granting of a duty exemption or reduced rate of import duty by virtue of the end-use of the goods.
Where a customs declaration in respect of one of the customs procedures referred to in point (c) of paragraph 1 is drawn up, and any information required under the customs legislation relating to the conditions governing the placing of the goods under that customs procedure is given to the customs authorities, which leads to all or part of the import duty not being collected, the person who provided the information required to draw up the customs declaration and who knew, or who ought reasonably to have known, that such information was false shall also be a debtor.

Where a customs debt is incurred, pursuant to Article 79(1) in respect of goods released for free circulation at a reduced rate of import duty on account of their end-use, the amount of import duty paid when the goods were released for free circulation shall be deducted from the amount of import duty corresponding to the customs debt.
The first subparagraph shall apply where a customs debt is incurred in respect of scrap and waste resulting from the destruction of such goods.

Where a customs debt is incurred, pursuant to Article 79(1) in respect of goods placed under temporary admission with partial relief from import duty, the amount of import duty paid under partial relief shall be deducted from the amount of import duty corresponding to the customs debt.

A customs debt on export shall be incurred through the placing of goods liable to export duty under the export procedure or the outward processing procedure.

The customs debt shall be incurred at the time of acceptance of the customs declaration.

The declarant shall be the debtor. In the event of indirect representation, the person on whose behalf the customs declaration is made shall also be a debtor.
Where a customs declaration is drawn up on the basis of information which leads to all or part of the export duty not being collected, the person who provided the information required for the declaration and who knew, or who should reasonably have known, that such information was false shall also be a debtor.

For goods liable to export duty, a customs debt on export shall be incurred through non-compliance with either of the following:

one of the obligations laid down in the customs legislation for the exit of the goods;

the conditions under which the goods were allowed to be taken out of the customs territory of the Union with total or partial relief from export duty.

The time at which the customs debt is incurred shall be one of the following:

the moment at which the goods are actually taken out of the customs territory of the Union without a customs declaration;

the moment at which the goods reach a destination other than that for which they were allowed to be taken out of the customs territory of the Union with total or partial relief from export duty;

should the customs authorities be unable to determine the moment referred to in point (b), the expiry of the time-limit set for the production of evidence that the conditions entitling the goods to such relief have been fulfilled.

In cases referred to under point (a) of paragraph 1, the debtor shall be any of the following:

any person who was required to fulfil the obligation concerned;

any person who was aware or should reasonably have been aware that the obligation concerned was not fulfilled and who acted on behalf of the person who was obliged to fulfil the obligation;

any person who participated in the act which led to the non-fulfilment of the obligation and who was aware or should reasonably have been aware that a customs declaration had not been lodged but should have been.

In cases referred to under point (b) of paragraph 1, the debtor shall be any person who is required to comply with the conditions under which the goods were allowed to be taken out of the customs territory of the Union with total or partial relief from export duty.

The customs debt on import or export shall be incurred even if it relates to goods which are subject to measures of prohibition or restriction on import or export of any kind.

However, no customs debt shall be incurred on either of the following:

the unlawful introduction into the customs territory of the Union of counterfeit currency;

the introduction into the customs territory of the Union of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances other than where strictly supervised by the competent authorities with a view to their use for medical and scientific purposes.

For the purposes of penalties as applicable to customs offences, the customs debt shall nevertheless be deemed to have been incurred where, under the law of a Member State, import or export duty or the existence of a customs debt provide the basis for determining penalties.

Where several persons are liable for payment of the amount of import or export duty corresponding to one customs debt, they shall be jointly and severally liable for payment of that amount.

The amount of import or export duty shall be determined on the basis of those rules for calculation of duty which were applicable to the goods concerned at the time at which the customs debt in respect of them was incurred.

Where it is not possible to determine precisely the time at which the customs debt is incurred, that time shall be deemed to be the time at which the customs authorities conclude that the goods are in a situation in which a customs debt has been incurred.
However, where the information available to the customs authorities enables them to establish that the customs debt had been incurred prior to the time at which they reached that conclusion, the customs debt shall be deemed to have been incurred at the earliest time that such a situation can be established.

Where costs for storage or usual forms of handling have been incurred within the customs territory of the Union in respect of goods placed under a customs procedure or in temporary storage, such costs or the increase in value shall not be taken into account for the calculation of the amount of import duty where satisfactory proof of those costs is provided by the declarant.
However, the customs value, quantity, nature and origin of non-Union goods used in the operations shall be taken into account for the calculation of the amount of import duty.

Where the tariff classification of goods placed under a customs procedure changes as a result of usual forms of handling within the customs territory of the Union, the original tariff classification for the goods placed under the procedure shall be applied at the request of the declarant.

Where a customs debt is incurred for processed products resulting from the inward processing procedure, the amount of import duty corresponding to such debt shall, at the request of the declarant, be determined on the basis of the tariff classification, customs value, quantity, nature and origin of the goods placed under the inward processing procedure at the time of acceptance of the customs declaration relating to those goods.

In specific cases, the amount of import duty shall be determined in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 3 of this Article without a request of the declarant in order to avoid the circumvention of tariff measures referred to in point (h) of Article 56(2).

Where a customs debt is incurred for processed products resulting from the outward processing procedure or replacement products as referred to in Article 261(1), the amount of import duty shall be calculated on the basis of the cost of the processing operation undertaken outside the customs territory of the Union.

Where the customs legislation provides for a favourable tariff treatment of goods, or for relief or total or partial exemption from import or export duty pursuant to points (d) to (g) of Article 56(2), Articles 203, 204, 205 and 208 ass='internal-link article' href='#art_259' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Scope' data-bs-placement='top' >259, 20 262 rticles' class='internal-link article' href='#art_79' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Customs debt incurred through non-compliance' data-bs-placement='top' >793, 2 82 'articles' class='internal-link article' href='#art_203' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Scope and effect' data-bs-placement='top' >203, 204, 205 and 208 ass='internal-link article' href='#art_259' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Scope' data-bs-placement='top' >259, 20 262 rticles' class='internal-link article' href='#art_203' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Scope and effect' data-bs-placement='top' >203, 204, 205 and 208 or Articles 203 t 204 62 205 type='articles' class='internal-link article' href='#art_208' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Products of sea-fishing and other products taken from the sea' data-bs-placement='top' >208ass='internal-link article' href='#art_259' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Scope' data-bs-placement='top' >259 to 262 rticles' class='internal-link article' href='#art_79' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Customs debt incurred through non-compliance' data-bs-placement='top' >799 to 82 'articles' class='internal-link article' href='#art_203' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Scope and effect' data-bs-placement='top' >203 t 204 62 205 type='articles' class='internal-link article' href='#art_208' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Products of sea-fishing and other products taken from the sea' data-bs-placement='top' >208ass='internal-link article' href='#art_259' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Scope' data-bs-placement='top' >259 to 262 of this Regulation or pursuant to Council Regulation 2009/1186 of 16 November 2009 setting up a Community system of reliefs from customs duty ( 15 ) such favourable tariff treatment, relief or exemption shall also apply in cases where a customs debt is incurred pursuant to Articles 203 or 204 205 pe='articles' class='internal-link article' href='#art_208' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Products of sea-fishing and other products taken from the sea' data-bs-placement='top' >208ass='internal-link article' href='#art_259' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Scope' data-bs-placement='top' >259or 8 262 rticles' class='internal-link article' href='#art_79' data-bs-toggle='popover' data-bs-trigger='hover focus' data-bs-content='Customs debt incurred through non-compliance' data-bs-placement='top' >79 or 82 of this Regulation, on condition that the failure which led to the incurrence of a customs debt did not constitute an attempt at deception.

A customs debt shall be incurred at the place where the customs declaration or the re-export declaration referred to in Articles 77, 78 and 81 is lodged.
In all other cases, the place where a customs debt is incurred shall be the place where the events from which it arises occur.
If it is not possible to determine that place, the customs debt shall be incurred at the place where the customs authorities conclude that the goods are in a situation in which a customs debt is incurred.

If the goods have been placed under a customs procedure which has not been discharged or when a temporary storage did not end properly, and the place where the customs debt is incurred cannot be determined pursuant to the second or third subparagraphs of paragraph 1 within a specific time-limit, the customs debt shall be incurred at the place where the goods were either placed under the procedure concerned or were introduced into the customs territory of the Union under that procedure or were in temporary storage.

Where the information available to the customs authorities enables them to establish that the customs debt may have been incurred in several places, the customs debt shall be deemed to have been incurred at the place where it was first incurred.

If a customs authority establishes that a customs debt has been incurred under Article 79 or Article 82 in another Member State and the amount of import or export duty corresponding to that debt is lower than EUR 10 000, the customs debt shall be deemed to have been incurred in the Member State where the finding was made.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 284, in order to determine:

the rules for the calculation of the amount of import or export duty applicable to goods for which a customs debt is incurred in the context of a special procedure, which supplement the rules laid down in Articles 85 and 86;

the cases referred to in Article 86(4);

the time-limit referred to in Article 87(2).

This Chapter shall apply to guarantees both for customs debts which have been incurred and for those which may be incurred, unless otherwise specified.

Where the customs authorities require a guarantee for a potential or existing customs debt to be provided, that guarantee shall cover the amount of import or export duty and the other charges due in connection with the import or export of the goods where:

the guarantee is used for the placing of goods under the Union transit procedure; or

the guarantee may be used in more than one Member State.

A guarantee which may not be used outside the Member State where it is required shall be valid only in that Member State and shall cover at least the amount of import or export duty.

Where the customs authorities require a guarantee to be provided, it shall be required from the debtor or the person who may become the debtor. They may also permit the guarantee to be provided by a person other than the person from whom it is required.

Without prejudice to Article 97, the customs authorities shall require only one guarantee to be provided in respect of specific goods or a specific declaration.
The guarantee provided for a specific declaration shall apply to the amount of import or export duty corresponding to the customs debt and other charges in respect of all goods covered by or released against that declaration, whether or not that declaration is correct.
If the guarantee has not been released, it may also be used, within the limits of the secured amount, for the recovery of amounts of import or export duty and other charges payable following post-release control of those goods.

Upon application by the person referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article, the customs authorities may, in accordance with Article 95(1), (2) and (3), authorise the provision of a comprehensive guarantee to cover the amount of import or export duty corresponding to the customs debt in respect of two or more operations, declarations or customs procedures.

The customs authorities shall monitor the guarantee.

No guarantee shall be required from States, regional and local government authorities or other bodies governed by public law, in respect of the activities in which they engage as public authorities.

No guarantee shall be required in any of the following situations:

goods carried on the Rhine, the Rhine waterways, the Danube or the Danube waterways;

goods carried by a fixed transport installation;

in specific cases where goods are placed under the temporary admission procedure;

goods placed under the Union transit procedure using the simplification referred to in point (e) of Article 233(4) and carried by sea or air between Union ports or between Union airports.

The customs authorities may waive the requirement for provision of a guarantee where the amount of import or export duty to be secured does not exceed the statistical value threshold for declarations laid down in Article 3(4) of Regulation 2009/471 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 May 2009 on Community statistics relating to external trade with non-member countries ( 16 ) .

Where it is compulsory for a guarantee to be provided, the customs authorities shall fix the amount of such guarantee at a level equal to the precise amount of import or export duty corresponding to the customs debt and of other charges where that amount can be established with certainty at the time when the guarantee is required.
Where it is not possible to establish the precise amount, the guarantee shall be fixed at the maximum amount, as estimated by the customs authorities, of import or export duty corresponding to the customs debt and of other charges which have been or may be incurred.

Without prejudice to Article 95 where a comprehensive guarantee is provided for the amount of import or export duty corresponding to customs debts and other charges which vary in amount over time, the amount of such guarantee shall be set at a level enabling the amount of import or export duty corresponding to customs debts and other charges to be covered at all times.

Where the provision of a guarantee is optional, such guarantee shall in any case be required by the customs authorities if they consider that the amount of import or export duty corresponding to a customs debt and other charges are not certain to be paid within the prescribed period. Its amount shall be fixed by those authorities so as not to exceed the level referred to in Article 90.

A guarantee may be provided in one of the following forms:

by a cash deposit or by any other means of payment recognised by the customs authorities as being equivalent to a cash deposit, made in euro or in the currency of the Member State in which the guarantee is required;

by an undertaking given by a guarantor;

by another form of guarantee which provides equivalent assurance that the amount of import or export duty corresponding to the customs debt and other charges will be paid.

A guarantee in the form of a cash deposit or any other equivalent means of payment shall be given in accordance with the provisions in force in the Member State in which the guarantee is required.
Where a guarantee is given by making a cash deposit or any other equivalent means of payment, no interest thereon shall be payable by the customs authorities.

The person required to provide a guarantee may choose between the forms of guarantee laid down in Article 92(1).

The guarantor referred to in point (b) of Article 92(1) shall be a third person established in the customs territory of the Union. The guarantor shall be approved by the customs authorities requiring the guarantee, unless the guarantor is a credit institution, financial institution or insurance company accredited in the Union in accordance with Union provisions in force.

The guarantor shall undertake in writing to pay the secured amount of import or export duty corresponding to a customs debt and other charges.

The customs authorities may refuse to approve the guarantor or the type of guarantee proposed where either does not appear certain to ensure payment within the prescribed period of the amount of import or export duty corresponding to the customs debt and of other charges.

The authorisation referred to in Article 89(5) shall be granted only to persons who satisfy all of the following conditions:

they are established in the customs territory of the Union;

they fulfil the criteria laid down in point (a) of Article 39;

they are regular users of the customs procedures involved or operators of temporary storage facilities or they fulfil the criteria laid down in point (d) of Article 39.

Where a comprehensive guarantee is to be provided for customs debts and other charges which may be incurred, an economic operator may be authorised to use a comprehensive guarantee with a reduced amount or to have a guarantee waiver, provided that he or she fulfils the criteria laid down in points (b) and (c) of Article 39.

Where a comprehensive guarantee is to be provided for customs debts and other charges which have been incurred, an authorised economic operator for customs simplification shall, upon application, be authorised to use a comprehensive guarantee with a reduced amount.

The comprehensive guarantee with a reduced amount referred to in paragraph 3 shall be equivalent to the provision of a guarantee.

In the context of special procedures or temporary storage, the Commission may decide to temporarily prohibit recourse to any of the following:

the comprehensive guarantee for a reduced amount or a guarantee waiver referred to in Article 95(2);

the comprehensive guarantee referred to in Article 95, in respect of goods which have been identified as being subject to large-scale fraud.

Where point (a) or point (b) of paragraph 1 of this Article applies, recourse to the comprehensive guarantee for a reduced amount or a guarantee waiver or recourse to the comprehensive guarantee referred to in Article 95 may be authorised where the person concerned fulfils either of the following conditions:

that person can show that no customs debt has arisen in respect of the goods in question in the course of operations which that person has undertaken in the two years preceding the decision referred to in paragraph 1;

where customs debts have arisen in the two years preceding the decision referred to in paragraph 1, the person concerned can show that those debts were fully paid by the debtor or debtors or the guarantor within the prescribed time-limit.

To obtain authorisation to use a temporarily prohibited comprehensive guarantee, the person concerned must also fulfil the criteria laid down in points (b) and (c) of Article 39.

Where the customs authorities establish that the guarantee provided does not ensure, or is no longer certain or sufficient to ensure, payment within the prescribed period of the amount of import or export duty corresponding to the customs debt and other charges, they shall require any of the persons referred to in Article 89(3) either to provide an additional guarantee or to replace the original guarantee with a new guarantee, according to his choice.

The customs authorities shall release the guarantee immediately when the customs debt or liability for other charges is extinguished or can no longer arise.

Where the customs debt or liability for other charges has been extinguished in part, or may arise only in respect of part of the amount which has been secured, a corresponding part of the guarantee shall be released accordingly at the request of the person concerned, unless the amount involved does not justify such action.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 284, in order to determine:

the specific cases, referred to in point (c) of Article 89(8), where no guarantee is required for goods placed under the temporary admission procedure;

the form of the guarantee, referred to in point (c) of Article 92(1), and the rules concerning the guarantor referred to in Article 94;

the conditions for the granting of an authorisation to use a comprehensive guarantee with a reduced amount or to have a guarantee waiver referred to in Article 95(2);

time-limits for the release of a guarantee.

The Commission shall specify, by means of implementing acts, the procedural rules:

for determining the amount of the guarantee, including the reduced amount referred to in Article 95(2) and (3);

regarding the provision and the monitoring of the guarantee referred to in Article 89, the revocation and cancellation of the undertaking given by the guarantor referred to in Article 94, and the release of the guarantee referred to in Article 98;

regarding the temporary prohibitions referred to in Article 96.

Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).

The Commission shall adopt the measures referred to in Article 96 by means of implementing acts.
Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).
On imperative grounds of urgency relating to such measures, duly justified by the need to rapidly enhance the protection of the financial interests of the Union and of its Member States, the Commission shall adopt immediately applicable implementing acts in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 285(5).
Where the opinion of the committee referred to in Article 285(1) is to be obtained by written procedure, Article 285(6) shall apply.

The amount of import or export duty payable shall be determined by the customs authorities responsible for the place where the customs debt is incurred, or is deemed to have been incurred in accordance with Article 87, as soon as they have the necessary information.

Without prejudice to Article 48, the customs authorities may accept the amount of import or export duty payable determined by the declarant.

Where the amount of import or export duty payable does not result in a whole number, that amount may be rounded.
Where the amount referred in the first subparagraph is expressed in euros, rounding may not be more than a rounding up or down to the nearest whole number.
A Member State whose currency is not the euro may either apply mutatis mutandis the provisions of the second subparagraph or derogate from that subparagraph, provided that the rules applicable on rounding do not have a greater financial impact than the rule set out in the second subparagraph.

The customs debt shall be notified to the debtor in the form prescribed at the place where the customs debt is incurred, or is deemed to have been incurred in accordance with Article 87.
The notification referred to in the first subparagraph shall not be made in any of the following cases:

where, pending a final determination of the amount of import or export duty, a provisional commercial policy measure taking the form of a duty has been imposed;

where the amount of import or export duty payable exceeds that determined on the basis of a decision made in accordance with Article 33;

where the original decision not to notify the customs debt or to notify it with an amount of import or export duty at a figure less than the amount of import or export duty payable was taken on the basis of general provisions invalidated at a later date by a court decision;

where the customs authorities are exempted under the customs legislation from notification of the customs debt.

Where the amount of import or export duty payable is equal to the amount entered in the customs declaration, release of the goods by the customs authorities shall be equivalent to notifying the debtor of the customs debt.

Where paragraph 2 does not apply, the customs debt shall be notified to the debtor by the customs authorities when they are in a position to determine the amount of import or export duty payable and take a decision thereon.
However, where the notification of the customs debt would prejudice a criminal investigation, the customs authorities may defer that notification until such time as it no longer prejudices the criminal investigation.

Provided that payment has been guaranteed, the customs debt corresponding to the total amount of import or export duty relating to all the goods released to one and the same person during a period fixed by the customs authorities may be notified at the end of that period. The period fixed by the customs authorities shall not exceed 31 days.

No customs debt shall be notified to the debtor after the expiry of a period of three years from the date on which the customs debt was incurred.

Where the customs debt is incurred as the result of an act which, at the time it was committed, was liable to give rise to criminal court proceedings, the three-year period laid down in paragraph 1 shall be extended to a period of a minimum of five years and a maximum of 10 years in accordance with national law.

The periods laid down in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be suspended where:

an appeal is lodged in accordance with Article 44; such suspension shall apply from the date on which the appeal is lodged and shall last for the duration of the appeal proceedings; or

the customs authorities communicate to the debtor, in accordance with Article 22(6), the grounds on which they intend to notify the customs debt; such suspension shall apply from the date of that communication until the end of the period within which the debtor is given the opportunity to express his or her point of view.

Where a customs debt is reinstated pursuant to Article 116(7), the periods laid down in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be considered as suspended from the date on which the application for repayment or remission was submitted in accordance with Article 121, until the date on which the decision on the repayment or remission was taken.

The customs authorities referred to in Article 101 shall enter in their accounts, in accordance with the national legislation, the amount of import or export duty payable as determined in accordance with that Article.
The first subparagraph shall not apply in cases referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 102(1).

The customs authorities need not enter in the accounts amounts of import or export duty which, pursuant to Article 103, correspond to a customs debt which could no longer be notified to the debtor.

Member States shall determine the practical procedures for the entry in the accounts of the amounts of import or export duty. Those procedures may differ according to whether, in view of the circumstances in which the customs debt was incurred, the customs authorities are satisfied that those amounts will be paid.

Where a customs debt is incurred as a result of the acceptance of the customs declaration of goods for a customs procedure, other than temporary admission with partial relief from import duty, or of any other act having the same legal effect as such acceptance, the customs authorities shall enter the amount of import or export duty payable in the accounts within 14 days of the release of the goods.
However, provided that payment has been guaranteed, the total amount of import or export duty relating to all the goods released to one and the same person during a period fixed by the customs authorities, which may not exceed 31 days, may be covered by a single entry in the accounts at the end of that period. Such entry in the accounts shall take place within 14 days of the expiry of the period concerned.

Where goods may be released subject to certain conditions which govern either the determination of the amount of import or export duty payable or its collection, entry in the accounts shall take place within 14 days of the day on which the amount of import or export duty payable is determined or the obligation to pay that duty is fixed.
However, where the customs debt relates to a provisional commercial policy measure taking the form of a duty, the amount of import or export duty payable shall be entered in the accounts within two months of the date of publication in the Official Journal of the European Union of the Regulation establishing the definitive commercial policy measure. Official Journal of the European Union

Where a customs debt is incurred in circumstances not covered by paragraph 1, the amount of import or export duty payable shall be entered in the accounts within 14 days of the date on which the customs authorities are in a position to determine the amount of import or export duty in question and take a decision.

Paragraph 3 shall apply with regard to the amount of import or export duty to be recovered or which remains to be recovered where the amount of import or export duty payable has not been entered in the accounts in accordance with paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, or has been determined and entered in the accounts at a level lower than the amount payable.

The time-limits for entry in the accounts laid down in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall not apply in unforeseeable circumstances or in cases of force majeure.

The entry in the accounts may be deferred in the case referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 102(3), until such time as the notification of the customs debt no longer prejudices a criminal investigation.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 284, in order to determine the cases referred to in point (d) of Article 102(1) where the customs authorities are exempted from notification of the customs debt.

The Commission shall adopt, by means of implementing acts, measures to ensure mutual assistance between the customs authorities in case of incurrence of a customs debt.

Amounts of import or export duty, corresponding to a customs debt notified in accordance with Article 102, shall be paid by the debtor within the period prescribed by the customs authorities.
Without prejudice to Article 45(2), that period shall not exceed 10 days following notification to the debtor of the customs debt. In the case of aggregation of entries in the accounts under the conditions laid down in the second subparagraph of Article 105(1), it shall be so fixed as not to enable the debtor to obtain a longer period for payment than if he or she had been granted deferred payment in accordance with Article 110.
The customs authorities may extend that period upon application by the debtor where the amount of import or export duty payable has been determined in the course of post-release control as referred to in Article 48. Without prejudice to Article 112(1), such extensions shall not exceed the time necessary for the debtor to take the appropriate steps to discharge his or her obligation.

If the debtor is entitled to any of the payment facilities laid down in Articles 110 to 112, payment shall be made within the period or periods specified in relation to those facilities.

The time-limit for payment of the amount of import or export duty corresponding to a customs debt shall be suspended in any of the following cases:

where an application for remission of duty is made in accordance with Article 121;

where goods are to be confiscated, destroyed or abandoned to the State;

where the customs debt was incurred pursuant to Article 79 and there is more than one debtor.

Payment shall be made in cash or by any other means with similar discharging effect, including by adjustment of a credit balance, in accordance with national legislation.

Payment may be made by a third person instead of the debtor.

The debtor may in any case pay all or part of the amount of import or export duty without awaiting expiry of the period he or she has been granted for payment.

The customs authorities shall, upon application by the person concerned and upon provision of a guarantee, authorise deferment of payment of the duty payable in any of the following ways:

separately in respect of each amount of import or export duty entered in the accounts in accordance with the first subparagraph of Article 105(1), or Article 105(4);

globally in respect of all amounts of import or export duty entered in the accounts in accordance with the first subparagraph of Article 105(1) during a period fixed by the customs authorities and not exceeding 31 days;

globally in respect of all amounts of import or export duty forming a single entry in accordance with the second subparagraph of Article 105(1).

The period for which payment is deferred under Article 110 shall be 30 days.

Where payment is deferred in accordance with point (a) of Article 110, the period shall begin on the day following that on which the customs debt is notified to the debtor.

Where payment is deferred in accordance with point (b) of Article 110, the period shall begin on the day following that on which the aggregation period ends. It shall be reduced by the number of days corresponding to half the number of days covered by the aggregation period.

Where payment is deferred in accordance with point (c) of Article 110, the period shall begin on the day following the end of the period fixed for release of the goods in question. It shall be reduced by the number of days corresponding to half the number of days covered by the period concerned.

Where the number of days in the periods referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 is an odd number, the number of days to be deducted from the 30-day period pursuant to those paragraphs shall be equal to half the next lowest even number.

Where the periods referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 are weeks, Member States may provide that the amount of import or export duty in respect of which payment has been deferred is to be paid on the Friday of the fourth week following the week in question at the latest.
If those periods are months, Member States may provide that the amount of import or export duty in respect of which payment has been deferred is to be paid by the 16th day of the month following the month in question.

The customs authorities may grant the debtor payment facilities other than deferred payment on condition that a guarantee is provided.

Where facilities are granted pursuant to paragraph 1, credit interest shall be charged on the amount of import or export duty.
For a Member State whose currency is the euro, the rate of credit interest shall be equal to the interest rate as published in the Official Journal of the European Union , C series, which the European Central Bank applied to its main refinancing operations, on the first day of the month in which the due date fell, increased by one percentage point. Official Journal of the European Union
For a Member State whose currency is not the euro, the rate of credit interest shall be equal to the rate applied on the first day of the month in question by the National Central Bank for its main refinancing operations, increased by one percentage point, or, for a Member State for which the National Central Bank rate is not available, the most equivalent rate applied on the first day of the month in question on the Member State's money market, increased by one percentage point.

The customs authorities may refrain from requiring a guarantee or from charging credit interest where it is established, on the basis of a documented assessment of the situation of the debtor, that this would create serious economic or social difficulties.

The customs authorities shall refrain from charging credit interest where the amount for each recovery action is less than EUR 10.

Where the amount of import or export duty payable has not been paid within the prescribed period, the customs authorities shall secure payment of that amount by all means available to them under the law of the Member State concerned.

Interest on arrears shall be charged on the amount of import or export duty from the date of expiry of the prescribed period until the date of payment.
For a Member State whose currency is the euro, the rate of interest on arrears shall be equal to the interest rate as published in the Official Journal of the European Union , C series, which the European Central Bank applied to its main refinancing operations, on the first day of the month in which the due date fell, increased by two percentage points. Official Journal of the European Union
For a Member State whose currency is not the euro, the rate of interest on arrears shall be equal to the rate applied on the first day of the month in question by the National Central Bank for its main refinancing operations, increased by two percentage points, or, for a Member State for which the National Central Bank rate is not available, the most equivalent rate applied on the first day of the month in question on the Member State's money market, increased by two percentage points.

Where the customs debt is incurred on the basis of Article 79 or 82, or where the notification of the customs debt results from a post-release control, interest on arrears shall be charged over and above the amount of import or export duty, from the date on which the customs debt was incurred until the date of its notification.
The rate of interest on arrears shall be set in accordance with paragraph 1.

The customs authorities may refrain from charging interest on arrears where it is established, on the basis of a documented assessment of the situation of the debtor, that to charge it would create serious economic or social difficulties.

The customs authorities shall refrain from charging interest on arrears where the amount for each recovery action is less than EUR 10.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 284, in order to determine the rules for the suspension of the time-limit for payment of the amount of import or export duty corresponding to a customs debt referred to in Article 108(3) and the period of suspension.

Subject to the conditions laid down in this Section, amounts of import or export duty shall be repaid or remitted on any of the following grounds:

overcharged amounts of import or export duty;

defective goods or goods not complying with the terms of the contract;

error by the competent authorities;

equity.

Where an amount of import or export duty has been paid and the corresponding customs declaration is invalidated in accordance with Article 174, that amount shall be repaid.

The customs authorities shall repay or remit the amount of import or export duty referred to in paragraph 1 where it is EUR 10 or more, except where the person concerned requests the repayment or remission of a lower amount.

Where the customs authorities consider that repayment or remission should be granted on the basis of Article 119 or 120, the Member State concerned shall transmit the file to the Commission for decision in any of the following cases:

where the customs authorities consider that the special circumstances are the result of the Commission failing in its obligations;

where the customs authorities consider that the Commission committed an error within the meaning of Article 119;

where the circumstances of the case relate to the findings of a Union investigation carried out under Council Regulation 1997/515 of 13 March 1997 on mutual assistance between the administrative authorities of the Member States and cooperation between the latter and the Commission to ensure the correct application of the law on customs and agricultural matters ( 17 ) , or under any other Union legislation or any agreement concluded by the Union with countries or groups of countries in which provision is made for carrying out such Union investigations;

where the amount for which the person concerned may be liable in respect of one or more import or export operations equals or exceeds EUR 500 000 as a result of an error or special circumstances.

Notwithstanding the first subparagraph, files shall not be transmitted in either of the following situations:

where the Commission has already adopted a decision on a case involving comparable issues of fact and of law;

where the Commission is already considering a case involving comparable issues of fact and of law.

Subject to the rules of competence for a decision, where the customs authorities themselves discover within the periods referred to in Article 121(1) that an amount of import or export duty is repayable or remissible pursuant to Articles 117, 119 or 120 they shall repay or remit on their own initiative.

No repayment or remission shall be granted when the situation which led to the notification of the customs debt results from deception by the debtor.

Repayment shall not give rise to the payment of interest by the customs authorities concerned.
However, interest shall be paid where a decision granting repayment is not implemented within three months of the date on which that decision was taken, unless the failure to meet the deadline was outside the control of the customs authorities.
In such cases, the interest shall be paid from the date of expiry of the three-month period until the date of repayment. The rate of interest shall be established in accordance with Article 112.

Where the customs authorities have granted repayment or remission in error, the original customs debt shall be reinstated insofar as it is not time-barred under Article 103.
In such cases, any interest paid under the second subparagraph of paragraph 5 shall be reimbursed.

An amount of import or export duty shall be repaid or remitted insofar as the amount corresponding to the customs debt initially notified exceeds the amount payable, or the customs debt was notified to the debtor contrary to points (c) or (d) of Article 102(1).

Where the application for repayment or remission is based on the existence, at the time when the declaration for release for free circulation was accepted, of a reduced or zero rate of import duty on the goods under a tariff quota, a tariff ceiling or other favourable tariff measures, repayment or remission shall be granted provided that, at the time of lodging the application accompanied by the necessary documents, either of the following conditions are fulfilled:

in the case of a tariff quota, its volume has not been exhausted;

in other cases, the rate of duty normally due has not been re-established.

An amount of import duty shall be repaid or remitted if the notification of the customs debt relates to goods which have been rejected by the importer because, at the time of release, they were defective or did not comply with the terms of the contract on the basis of which they were imported.
Defective goods shall be deemed to include goods damaged before their release.

Notwithstanding paragraph 3, repayment or remission shall be granted provided the goods have not been used, except for such initial use as may have been necessary to establish that they were defective or did not comply with the terms of the contract and provided they are taken out of the customs territory of the Union.

Repayment or remission shall not be granted where:

the goods, before being released for free circulation, were placed under a special procedure for testing, unless it is established that the fact that the goods were defective or did not comply with the terms of the contract could not normally have been detected in the course of such tests;

the defective nature of the goods was taken into consideration in drawing up the terms of the contract, in particular the price, before the goods were placed under a customs procedure involving the incurrence of a customs debt; or

the goods are sold by the applicant after it has been ascertained that they are defective or do not comply with the terms of the contract.

Instead of being taken out of the customs territory of the Union, and upon application by the person concerned, the customs authorities shall authorise that the goods be placed under the inward processing procedure, including for destruction, or the external transit, the customs warehousing or the free zone procedure.

In cases other than those referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 116(1) and in Articles 117, 118 and 120, an amount of import or export duty shall be repaid or remitted where, as a result of an error on the part of the competent authorities, the amount corresponding to the customs debt initially notified was lower than the amount payable, provided the following conditions are met:

the debtor could not reasonably have detected that error; and

the debtor was acting in good faith.

Where the conditions laid down in Article 117(2) are not fulfilled, repayment or remission shall be granted where failure to apply the reduced or zero rate of duty was as a result of an error on the part of the customs authorities and the customs declaration for release for free circulation contained all the particulars and was accompanied by all the documents necessary for application of the reduced or zero rate.

Where the preferential treatment of the goods is granted on the basis of a system of administrative cooperation involving the authorities of a country or territory outside the customs territory of the Union, the issue of a certificate by those authorities, should it prove to be incorrect, shall constitute an error which could not reasonably have been detected within the meaning of point (a) of paragraph 1.
The issue of an incorrect certificate shall not, however, constitute an error where the certificate is based on an incorrect account of the facts provided by the exporter, except where it is evident that the issuing authorities were aware or should have been aware that the goods did not satisfy the conditions laid down for entitlement to the preferential treatment.
The debtor shall be considered to be in good faith if he or she can demonstrate that, during the period of the trading operations concerned, he or she has taken due care to ensure that all the conditions for the preferential treatment have been fulfilled.
The debtor may not rely on a plea of good faith if the Commission has published a notice in the Official Journal of the European Union stating that there are grounds for doubt concerning the proper application of the preferential arrangements by the beneficiary country or territory. Official Journal of the European Union

In cases other than those referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 116(1) and in Articles 117, 118 and 119 an amount of import or export duty shall be repaid or remitted in the interest of equity where a customs debt is incurred under special circumstances in which no deception or obvious negligence may be attributed to the debtor.

The special circumstances referred to in paragraph 1 shall be deemed to exist where it is clear from the circumstances of the case that the debtor is in an exceptional situation as compared with other operators engaged in the same business, and that, in the absence of such circumstances, he or she would not have suffered disadvantage by the collection of the amount of import or export duty.

Applications for repayment or remission in accordance with Article 116 shall be submitted to the customs authorities within the following periods:

in the case of overcharged, amounts of import or export duty, error by the competent authorities or equity, within three years of the date of notification of the customs debt;

in the case of defective goods or goods not complying with the terms of the contract, within one year of the date of notification of the customs debt;

in the case of invalidation of a customs declaration, within the period specified in the rules applicable to invalidation.

The period specified in points (a) and (b) of the first subparagraph shall be extended where the applicant provides evidence that he or she was prevented from submitting an application within the prescribed period as a result of unforeseeable circumstances or force majeure.

Where the customs authorities are not in a position, on the basis of the grounds adduced, to grant repayment or remission of an amount of import or export duty, it is required to examine the merits of an application for repayment or remission in the light of the other grounds for repayment or remission referred to in Article 116.

Where an appeal has been lodged under Article 44 against the notification of the customs debt, the relevant period specified in the first subparagraph of paragraph 1 shall be suspended, from the date on which the appeal is lodged, for the duration of the appeal proceedings.

Where a customs authority grants repayment or remission in accordance with Articles 119 and 120, the Member State concerned shall inform the Commission thereof.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 284, laying down the rules with which it has to comply when taking a decision referred to in Article 116(3) and in particular on the following:

the conditions for the acceptance of the file;

the time-limit to take a decision and the suspension of that time-limit;

the communication of the grounds on which the Commission intends to base its decision, before taking a decision which would adversely affect the person concerned;

the notification of the decision;

the consequences of a failure to take a decision or to notify such decision.

The Commission shall specify, by means of implementing acts, the procedural rules for:

repayment and remission, as referred to in Article 116;

informing the Commission in accordance with Article 121(4) and the information to be provided.

Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).

The Commission shall adopt the decision referred to in Article 116(3) by means of implementing acts.
Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the advisory procedure referred to in Article 285(2).
Where the opinion of the committee referred to in Article 285(1) is to be obtained by written procedure, Article 285(6) shall apply.

Without prejudice to the provisions in force relating to non-recovery of the amount of import or export duty corresponding to a customs debt in the event of the judicially established insolvency of the debtor, a customs debt on import or export shall be extinguished in any of the following ways:

where the debtor can no longer be notified of the customs debt, in accordance with Article 103;

by payment of the amount of import or export duty;

subject to paragraph 5, by remission of the amount of import or export duty;

where, in respect of goods declared for a customs procedure entailing the obligation to pay import or export duty, the customs declaration is invalidated;

where goods liable to import or export duty are confiscated or seized and simultaneously or subsequently confiscated;

where goods liable to import or export duty are destroyed under customs supervision or abandoned to the State;

where the disappearance of the goods or the non-fulfilment of obligations arising from the customs legislation results from the total destruction or irretrievable loss of those goods as a result of the actual nature of the goods or unforeseeable circumstances or force majeure, or as a consequence of instruction by the customs authorities; for the purpose of this point, goods shall be considered as irretrievably lost when they have been rendered unusable by any person;

where the customs debt was incurred pursuant to Article 79 or 82 and where the following conditions are fulfilled:

the failure which led to the incurrence of a customs debt had no significant effect on the correct operation of the customs procedure concerned and did not constitute an attempt at deception;

all of the formalities necessary to regularise the situation of the goods are subsequently carried out;

where goods released for free circulation duty-free, or at a reduced rate of import duty by virtue of their end-use, have been exported with the permission of the customs authorities;

where it was incurred pursuant to Article 78 and where the formalities carried out in order to enable the preferential tariff treatment referred to in that Article to be granted are cancelled;

where, subject to paragraph 6, the customs debt was incurred pursuant to Article 79 and evidence is provided to the satisfaction of the customs authorities that the goods have not been used or consumed and have been taken out of the customs territory of the Union.

In the cases referred to in point (e) of paragraph 1, the customs debt shall, nevertheless, for the purposes of penalties applicable to customs offences, be deemed not to have been extinguished where, under the law of a Member State, import or export duty or the existence of a customs debt provide the basis for determining penalties.

Where, in accordance with point (g) of paragraph 1, a customs debt is extinguished in respect of goods released for free circulation duty-free or at a reduced rate of import duty on account of their end-use, any scrap or waste resulting from their destruction shall be deemed to be non-Union goods.

The provisions in force pertaining to standard rates for irretrievable loss due to the nature of goods shall apply where the person concerned fails to show that the real loss exceeds that calculated by applying the standard rate for the goods in question.

Where several persons are liable for payment of the amount of import or export duty corresponding to the customs debt and remission is granted, the customs debt shall be extinguished only in respect of the person or persons to whom the remission is granted.

In the case referred to in point (k) of paragraph 1, the customs debt shall not be extinguished in respect of any person or persons who attempted deception.

Where the customs debt was incurred pursuant to Article 79, it shall be extinguished with regard to the person whose behaviour did not involve any attempt at deception and who contributed to the fight against fraud.

Where the customs debt is extinguished on the basis of point (h) of Article 124(1), Member States shall not be precluded from the application of penalties for failure to comply with the customs legislation.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts, in accordance with Article 284, in order to determine the list of failures with no significant effect on the correct operation of the customs procedure concerned and to supplement point (i) of point (h) of Article 124(1).

Goods brought into the customs territory of the Union shall be covered by an entry summary declaration.

The obligation referred to in paragraph 1 shall be waived:

for means of transport and the goods carried thereon only passing through the territorial waters or the airspace of the customs territory of the Union without a stop within that territory; and

in other cases, where duly justified by the type of goods or traffic, or where required by international agreements.

The entry summary declaration shall be lodged at the customs office of first entry within a specific time-limit, before the goods are brought into the customs territory of the Union.
Customs authorities may allow the entry summary declaration to be lodged at another customs office, provided that the latter immediately communicates or makes available electronically the necessary particulars to the customs office of first entry.

The entry summary declaration shall be lodged by the carrier.
Notwithstanding the obligations of the carrier, the entry summary declaration may be lodged instead by one of the following persons:

the importer or consignee or other person in whose name or on whose behalf the carrier acts;

any person who is able to present the goods in question or have them presented at the customs office of entry.

The entry summary declaration shall contain the particulars necessary for risk analysis for security and safety purposes.

In specific cases, where all the particulars referred to in paragraph 5 cannot be obtained from the persons referred to in paragraph 4, other persons holding those particulars and the appropriate rights to provide them may be required to provide those particulars.

Customs authorities may accept that commercial, port or transport information systems are used for the lodging of an entry summary declaration provided such systems contain the necessary particulars for such declaration and those particulars are available within a specific time-limit, before the goods are brought into the customs territory of the Union.

Customs authorities may accept, instead of the lodging of the entry summary declaration, the lodging of a notification and access to the particulars of an entry summary declaration in the economic operator's computer system.

The customs office referred to in Article 127(3) shall, within a specific time-limit, ensure that a risk analysis is carried out, primarily for security and safety purposes, on the basis of the entry summary declaration referred to in Article 127(1) or the particulars referred to in Article 127(8) and shall take the necessary measures based on the results of that risk analysis.

The declarant may, upon application, be permitted to amend one or more particulars of the entry summary declaration after it has been lodged.
No amendment shall be possible after any of the following:

the customs authorities have informed the person who lodged the entry summary declaration that they intend to examine the goods;

the customs authorities have established that the particulars of the entry summary declaration are incorrect;

the goods have already been presented to customs.

When the goods for which an entry summary declaration has been lodged are not brought into the customs territory of the Union, the customs authorities shall invalidate that declaration in either of the following cases:

upon application by the declarant;

within 200 days after the lodging of the declaration.

The customs office referred to in Article 127(3) may waive the lodging of an entry summary declaration in respect of goods for which, prior to the expiry of the time-limit for lodging that declaration, a customs declaration is lodged. In that case, the customs declaration shall contain at least the particulars necessary for the entry summary declaration. Until such time as the customs declaration is accepted in accordance with Article 172, it shall have the status of an entry summary declaration.

The customs office referred to in Article 127(3) may waive the lodging of an entry summary declaration in respect of goods for which, prior to the expiry of the time-limit for lodging that declaration, a temporary storage declaration is lodged. That declaration shall contain at least the particulars necessary for the entry summary declaration. Until such time as the goods declared are presented to customs in accordance with Article 139, the temporary storage declaration shall have the status of an entry summary declaration.

The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 284, in order to determine:

the cases where the obligation to lodge an entry summary declaration is waived, in accordance with point (c) of Article 127(2);

the specific time-limit referred to in Article 127(3) and (7), within which the entry summary declaration is to be lodged before the goods are brought into the customs territory of the Union, taking into account the type of goods or traffic;

the cases referred to in Article 127(6) and the other persons who may be required to provide particulars of the entry summary declaration in those cases.

The Commission shall specify, by means of implementing acts:

the procedural rules for lodging the entry summary declaration referred to in Article 127;

the procedural rules and the provision of particulars of the entry summary declaration by the other persons referred to in Article 127(6);

the time-limit within which a risk analysis is to be carried out and the necessary measures to be taken, in accordance with Article 128;

the procedural rules for amending the entry summary declaration, in accordance with Article 129(1);

the procedural rules for invalidating the entry summary declaration in accordance with Article 129(2), taking into account the proper management of the entry of the goods.

Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).

The operator of a sea-going vessel or of an aircraft entering the customs territory of the Union shall notify the arrival to the customs office of first entry upon arrival of the means of transport.
Where information on arrival of a sea-going vessel or of an aircraft is available to the customs authorities they may waive the notification referred to in the first subparagraph.

Customs authorities may accept that port or airport systems or other available methods of information be used to notify the arrival of the means of transport.

Goods brought into the customs territory of the Union shall, from the time of their entry, be subject to customs supervision and may be subject to customs controls. Where applicable, they shall be subject to such prohibitions and restrictions as are justified on grounds of, inter alia, public morality, public policy or public security, the protection of the health and life of humans, animals or plants, the protection of the environment, the protection of national treasures possessing artistic, historic or archaeological value and the protection of industrial or commercial property, including controls on drug precursors, goods infringing certain intellectual property rights and cash, as well as to the implementation of fishery conservation and management measures and of commercial policy measures.
They shall remain under such supervision for as long as is necessary to determine their customs status and shall not be removed therefrom without the permission of the customs authorities.
Without prejudice to Article 254, Union goods shall not be subject to customs supervision once their customs status is established.
Non-Union goods shall remain under customs supervision until their customs status is changed, or they are taken out of the customs territory of the Union or destroyed.

The holder of goods under customs supervision may, with the permission of the customs authorities, at any time examine the goods or take samples, in particular in order to determine their tariff classification, customs value or customs status.

The person who brings goods into the customs territory of the Union shall convey them without delay, by the route specified by the customs authorities and in accordance with their instructions, if any, to the customs office designated by the customs authorities, or to any other place designated or approved by those authorities, or into a free zone.

Goods brought into a free zone shall be brought into that free zone directly, either by sea or air or, if by land, without passing through another part of the customs territory of the Union, where the free zone adjoins the land frontier between a Member State and a third country.

Any person who assumes responsibility for the carriage of goods after they have been brought into the customs territory of the Union shall become responsible for compliance with the obligations laid down in paragraphs 1 and 2.

Goods which, although still outside the customs territory of the Union, may be subject to customs controls by the customs authority of a Member State as a result of an agreement concluded with the relevant country or territory outside the customs territory of the Union, shall be treated in the same way as goods brought into the customs territory of the Union.

Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not preclude application of special rules with respect to goods transported within frontier zones or in pipelines and wires as well as for traffic of negligible economic importance such as letters, postcards and printed matter and their electronic equivalents held on other media or to goods carried by travellers, provided that customs supervision and customs control possibilities are not thereby jeopardised.

Paragraph 1 shall not apply to means of transport and goods carried thereon only passing through the territorial waters or the airspace of the customs territory of the Union without a stop within that territory.

Articles 127 to 130 and 133, Article 135(1) and Articles 137, 139 to 141, and 144 to 149 shall not apply to non-Union goods and goods referred to in Article 155, which have temporarily left the customs territory of the Union while moving between two points in that territory by sea or air, provided they have been carried by direct route without a stop outside the customs territory of the Union.

Where, by reason of unforeseeable circumstances or force majeure, the obligation laid down in Article 135(1) cannot be complied with, the person bound by that obligation or any other person acting on that person's behalf shall inform the customs authorities of the situation without delay. Where the unforeseeable circumstances or force majeure do not result in total loss of the goods, the customs authorities shall also be informed of their precise location.

Where, by reason of unforeseeable circumstances or force majeure, a vessel or aircraft covered by Article 135(6) is forced to put into port or to land temporarily in the customs territory of the Union and the obligation laid down in Article 135(1) cannot be complied with, the person who brought the vessel or aircraft into the customs territory of the Union, or any other person acting on that person's behalf, shall inform the customs authorities of the situation without delay.

The customs authorities shall determine the measures to be taken in order to permit customs supervision of the goods referred to in paragraph 1, or of the vessel or aircraft and any goods thereon in the circumstances specified in paragraph 2, and to ensure, where appropriate, that they are subsequently conveyed to a customs office or other place designated or approved by the authorities.

The Commission shall specify, by means of implementing acts, the procedural rules on:

the notification of arrival referred to in Article 133;

the conveyance of goods referred to in Article 135(5).

Those implementing acts shall be adopted in accordance with the examination procedure referred to in Article 285(4).

Goods brought into the customs territory of the Union shall be presented to customs immediately upon their arrival at the designated customs office or any other place designated or approved by the customs authorities or in the free zone by one of the following persons:

the person who brought the goods into the customs territory of the Union;

the person in whose name or on whose behalf the person who brought the goods into that territory acts;

the person who assumed responsibility for carriage of the goods after they were brought into the customs territory of the Union.

Goods which are brought into the customs territory of the Union by sea or air and which remain on board the same means of transport for carriage, shall be presented to customs only at the port or airport where they are unloaded or transhipped. However, goods brought into the customs territory of the Union which are unloaded and reloaded onto the same means of transport during its voyage in order to enable the unloading or loading of other goods, shall not be presented to customs at that port or airport.

Notwithstanding the obligations of the person described in paragraph 1, presentation of the goods may be effected instead by one of the following persons:

any person who immediately places the goods under a customs procedure;

the holder of an authorisation for the operation of storage facilities or any person who carries out an activity in a free zone.

The person presenting the goods shall make a reference to the entry summary declaration or, in the cases referred to in Article 130, the customs declaration or temporary storage declaration which has been lodged in respect of the goods, except where the obligation to lodge an entry summary declaration is waived.

Where non-Union goods presented to customs are not covered by an entry summary declaration, and except where the obligation to lodge such declaration is waived, one of the persons referred to in Article 127(4) shall, without prejudice to Article 127(6), lodge immediately such declaration or shall instead lodge a customs declaration or temporary storage declaration.

Paragraph 1 shall not preclude application of special rules with respect to goods transported within frontier zones or in pipelines and wires as well as for traffic of negligible economic importance such as letters, postcards and printed matter and their electronic equivalents held on other media or to goods carried by travellers, provided that customs supervision and customs control possibilities are not thereby jeopardised.

Goods presented to customs shall not be removed from the place where they have been presented without the permission of the customs authorities.

Goods shall be unloaded or trans-shipped from the means of transport carrying them solely with the authorisation of the customs authorities in places designated or approved by those authorities.
However, such authorisation shall not be required in the event of an imminent danger necessitating the immediate unloading of all or part of the goods. In that case, the customs authorities shall immediately be informed accordingly.